front 1 bucc/o | back 1 cheek
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front 2 dent/o, dent/I | back 2 tooth, teeth
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front 3 odont/o | back 3 tooth, teeth
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front 4 gingiv/o | back 4 gum (gingiva)
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front 5 gloss/o | back 5 tongue
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front 6 lingu/o | back 6 tongue
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front 7 gnath/o | back 7 jaw prognathous
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front 8 labi/o | back 8 lip
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front 9 or/o | back 9 mouth
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front 10 stoma, stomat/o | back 10 mouth
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front 11 palat/o | back 11 palate
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front 12 sial/o | back 12 saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct
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front 13 uvul/o | back 13 uvula
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front 14 esophag/o | back 14 esophagus
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front 15 gastr/o | back 15 stomach
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front 16 pylor/o | back 16 pylorus
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front 17 enter/o | back 17 intestine
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front 18 duoden/o | back 18 duodenum
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front 19 jejun/o | back 19 jejunum
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front 20 ile/o | back 20 ileum
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front 21 cec/o | back 21 cecum
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front 22 col/o, colon/o | back 22 colon
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front 23 sigmoid/o | back 23 sigmoid colon
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front 24 rect/o | back 24 rectum
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front 25 proct/o | back 25 rectum
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front 26 an/o | back 26 anus
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front 27 hepat/o | back 27 liver
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front 28 bili | back 28 bile
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front 29 chol/e, chol/o | back 29 bile, gall
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front 30 cholecyst/o | back 30 gallbladder
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front 31 cholangi/o | back 31 bile duct
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front 32 choledoch/o | back 32 common bile duct
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front 33 pancreat/o | back 33 pancreas
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front 34 anus | back 34 The distal opening of the digestive tract (root: an/o) |
front 35 appendix | back 35 An appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum, the vermiform (wormlike) appendix |
front 36 bile | back 36 The fluid secreted by the liver that emulsified fats and aids in their absorption (roots: chol/e, bili) |
front 37 cecum | back 37 A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine (root: cec/o) |
front 38 colon | back 38 The major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending portions (root: col/o, colon/o) |
front 39 common bile duct | back 39 The duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct (root: choledoch/o) |
front 40 duodenum | back 40 The first portion of the small intestine (root: duoden/o) |
front 41 enzyme | back 41 An organic catalyst; speeds the rate of chemical reactions |
front 42 esophagus | back 42 The muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach. |
front 43 feces | back 43 The waste material eliminated from the intestine (adjective: fecal); stool |
front 44 gallbladder | back 44 A sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile (root: cholecyst/o) |
front 45 hepatic portal system | back 45 A special pathway of the circulation that brings blood directly from the abdominal organs to the liver for processing (also called simply the portal system). The vessel that enters the liver is the hepatic portal vein (portal vein). |
front 46 ileum | back 46 The terminal portion of the small intestine (root: ile/o) |
front 47 intestine | back 47 The portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus. It consists of the small intestine and large intestine. It functions in digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste (root: enter/o). The bowel (BOW-el) |
front 48 jejunum | back 48 The middle portion of the small intestine (root: jejun/o) |
front 49 lacteal | back 49 A lymphatic capillary in a villus of the small intestine. Lacteals absorb digested fats into the lymph |
front 50 large intestine | back 50 The terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. It stores and eliminates undigested waste material (feces) |
front 51 liver | back 51 The large gland in the upper right part of the abdomen. In addition to many other functions, it secretes bile needed for digestion and absorption of fats (root: hepat/o) |
front 52 lower esophageal sphincter (LES) | back 52 Muscle tissue at the distal end of the esophagus (gastroesophageal junction) that prevents stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus. Also called the cardiac sphincter |
front 53 mastication | back 53 Chewing |
front 54 mouth | back 54 The oral cavity; contains the tongue and teeth. Used to take in and chew food, mix it with saliva, and move it toward the throat to be swallowed |
front 55 palate | back 55 The roof of the mouth; the partition between the mouth and nasal cavity; consists of an anterior portion formed by bone, the hard palate, and a posterior portion formed of tissue, the soft palate (root: palat/o) |
front 56 pancreas | back 56 A large, elongated gland behind the stomach. It produces hormones that regulate sugar metabolism and also produces digestive enzymes (root: pancreat/o) |
front 57 peristalsis | back 57 Wavelike contractions of an organ's walls; moves material through an organ or duct |
front 58 peritoneum | back 58 The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and supports the abdominal organs |
front 59 pharynx | back 59 The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o) |
front 60 pylorus | back 60 The stomach's distal opening into the duodenum. The opening is controlled by a ring of muscle, the pyloric sphincter (root: pylor/o) |
front 61 rectum | back 61 The distal portion of the large intestine. It stores and eliminates undigested waste (root: rect/o, proct/o) |
front 62 saliva | back 62 The clear secretion released into the mouth that moistens food and contains a starch-digesting enzyme (root: sial/o). Saliva is produced by three pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands |
front 63 sigmoid colon | back 63 Distal S-shaped portion of the large intestine located between the descending colon and the rectum |
front 64 small intestine | back 64 The portion of the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine; comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Accessory organs secrete into the small intestine, and almost all digestion and absorption occur there |
front 65 stomach | back 65 A muscular saclike organ below the diaphragm that stores food and secretes juices that digest proteins (root: gastr/o) |
front 66 uvula | back 66 The fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate; aids in speech production (literally “little grape”) (root: uvul/o) |
front 67 villi | back 67 Tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that absorb digested foods into the circulation (singular: villus) |
front 68 appendicitis | back 68 Inflammation of the appendix |
front 69 ascites | back 69 Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. May be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in plasma composition |
front 70 Barrett syndrome | back 70 Lower esophageal ulcer resulting from chronic esophagitis, often with constriction caused by mucosal changes; may be premalignant. Also called Barrett esophagus |
front 71 biliary colic | back 71 Acute abdominal pain caused by gallstones in the bile ducts |
front 72 bilirubin | back 72 A pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile |
front 73 caries | back 73 Tooth decay |
front 74 celiac disease | back 74 Inability to absorb foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat and some other grains; caused by an excess immune response to gluten |
front 75 cholecystitis | back 75 Inflammation of the gallbladder |
front 76 cholelithiasis | back 76 The condition of having stones in the gallbladder; also used to refer to stones in the common bile duct |
front 77 cirrhosis | back 77 Chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue |
front 78 Crohn disease | back 78 A chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract usually involving the ileum and colon |
front 79 diarrhea | back 79 The frequent passage of watery bowel movements |
front 80 diverticulitis | back 80 Inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the wall of the digestive tract, especially in the colon |
front 81 diverticulosis | back 81 The presence of diverticula, especially in the colon |
front 82 dysphagia | back 82 Difficulty in swallowing |
front 83 emesis | back 83 Vomiting |
front 84 fistula | back 84 An abnormal passageway between two organs or from an organ to the body surface, such as between the rectum and anus (anorectal fistula) |
front 85 gastroenteritis | back 85 Inflammation of the stomach and intestine |
front 86 gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | back 86 Condition caused by reflux of gastric juices into the esophagus resulting in heartburn, regurgitation, inflammation, and possible damage to the esophagus; caused by weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) |
front 87 heartburn | back 87 A warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum and radiating upward. Commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Medical name is pyrosis (pyr/o means “heat”) |
front 88 hemorrhoids | back 88 Varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and sometimes prolapse of the rectum |
front 89 hepatitis | back 89 Inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection |
front 90 hepatomegaly | back 90 Enlargement of the liver |
front 91 hiatal hernia | back 91 A protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes |
front 92 icterus | back 92 Jaundice |
front 93 ileus | back 93 Intestinal obstruction. May be caused by lack of peristalsis (adynamic, paralytic ileus) or by contraction (dynamic ileus). Intestinal matter and gas may be relieved by insertion of a drainage tube |
front 94 intussusception | back 94 Slipping of one part of the intestine into another part below it. Occurs mainly in male infants in the ileocecal region). May be fatal if untreated for more than one day |
front 95 jaundice | back 95 A yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eye caused by bile pigments in the blood (from French jaune meaning “yellow”). The main pigment is bilirubin, a byproduct of erythrocyte destruction |
front 96 leukoplakia | back 96 White patches on mucous membranes, as on the tongue or cheeks, often resulting from smoking or other irritants; may be precancerous |
front 97 nausea | back 97 An unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset, motion sickness, and sometimes early pregnancy |
front 98 occult blood | back 98 Blood present in such small amounts that it can be detected only microscopically or chemically; in the feces, a sign of intestinal bleeding (occult means “hidden”) |
front 99 pancreatitis | back 99 Inflammation of the pancreas |
front 100 peptic ulcer | back 100 A lesion in the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum caused by the action of gastric juice |
front 101 peritonitis | back 101 Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. May result from perforation of an ulcer, rupture of the appendix, or infection of the reproductive tract, among other causes. |
front 102 polyp | back 102 A tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily |
front 103 portal hypertension | back 103 An abnormal pressure increase in the hepatic portal system. May be caused by cirrhosis, infection, thrombosis, or tumors |
front 104 pyloric stenosis | back 104 Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum; pylorostenosis |
front 105 regurgitation | back 105 A backward flowing, such as the backflow of undigested food |
front 106 splenomegaly | back 106 Enlargement of the spleen |
front 107 ulcerative colitis | back 107 Chronic ulceration of the rectum and colon; the cause is unknown, but may involve autoimmunity |
front 108 volvulus | back 108 Twisting of the intestine resulting in obstruction. Usually involves the sigmoid colon and occurs most often in children and in the elderly. May be caused by congenital malformation, a foreign body, or adhesion. Failure to treat immediately may result in death |
front 109 anastomosis | back 109 A passage or communication between two vessels or organs. May be normal or pathologic, or may be created surgically |
front 110 barium study | back 110 Use of barium sulfate as a liquid contrast medium for fluoroscopic or radiographic study of the digestive tract. Can show obstruction, tumors, ulcers, hiatal hernia, and motility disorders, among other things |
front 111 cholecystectomy | back 111 Surgical removal of the gallbladder |
front 112 Dukes classification | back 112 A system for staging colorectal cancer based on degree of penetration of the bowel wall and lymph node involvement; severity is graded from A to C |
front 113 endoscopy | back 113 Use of a fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual examination. GI studies include esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy (rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of the colon) |
front 114 ERCP | back 114 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; a technique for viewing the pancreatic and bile ducts and for performing certain techniques to relieve obstructions. Contrast medium is injected into the biliary system from the duodenum and radiographs are taken |
front 115 ostomy | back 115 An opening into the body; generally refers to an opening created for elimination of body waste. Also refers to the operation done to create such an opening (see stoma) |
front 116 stoma | back 116 A surgically created opening to the body surface or between two organs (literally “mouth”) |
front 117 bolus | back 117 A mass, such as the rounded mass of food that is swallowed |
front 118 cardia | back 118 The part of the stomach near the esophagus, named for its closeness to the heart |
front 119 chyme | back 119 The semiliquid partially digested food that moves from the stomach into the small intestine |
front 120 defecation | back 120 The evacuation of feces from the rectum |
front 121 deglutition | back 121 Swallowing |
front 122 duodenal bulb | back 122 The part of the duodenum near the pylorus; the first bend (flexure) of the duodenum |
front 123 duodenal papilla | back 123 The raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum; papilla of Vater (FA-ter) |
front 124 greater omentum | back 124 A fold of the peritoneum that extends from the stomach over the abdominal organs |
front 125 hepatic flexure | back 125 The right bend of the colon, forming the junction between the ascending colon and the transverse colon |
front 126 ileocecal valve | back 126 A valve-like structure between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine |
front 127 mesentery | back 127 The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the intestine |
front 128 mesocolon | back 128 The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the colon |
front 129 papilla of Vater | back 129 See duodenal papilla |
front 130 rugae | back 130 The large folds in the lining of the stomach seen when the stomach is empty |
front 131 sphincter of Oddi | back 131 The ring of muscle at the opening of the common bile duct into the duodenum |
front 132 splenic flexure | back 132 The left bend of the colon, forming the junction between the transverse colon and the descending colon |
front 133 achalasia | back 133 Failure of a smooth muscle to relax, especially the lower esophageal sphincter, so that food is retained in the esophagus |
front 134 achlorhydria | back 134 Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; opposite is hyperchlorhydria |
front 135 anorexia | back 135 Loss of appetite. Anorexia nervosa is a psychologically induced refusal or inability to eat (adjectives: anorectic, anorexic) |
front 136 aphagia | back 136 Refusal or inability to eat; inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing |
front 137 aphthous ulcer | back 137 An ulcer in a mucous membrane, as in the mouth |
front 138 bruxism | back 138 Clenching and grinding of the teeth, usually during sleep |
front 139 bulimia | back 139 Excessive, insatiable appetite. A disorder characterized by overeating followed by induced vomiting, diarrhea, or fasting |
front 140 cachexia | back 140 Profound ill health, malnutrition, and wasting |
front 141 cheilosis | back 141 Cracking at the corners of the mouth, often caused by B vitamin deficiency (root cheil/o means “lip”) |
front 142 cholestasis | back 142 Stoppage of bile flow |
front 143 constipation | back 143 Infrequency or difficulty in defecation and the passage of hard, dry feces |
front 144 dyspepsia | back 144 Poor or painful digestion |
front 145 eructation | back 145 Belching |
front 146 familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) | back 146 A heredity condition in which multiple polyps form in the colon and rectum, predisposing to colorectal cancer |
front 147 flatulence | back 147 Condition of having gas or air in the GI tract |
front 148 flatus | back 148 Gas or air in the gastrointestinal tract; gas or air expelled through the anus |
front 149 hematemesis | back 149 Vomiting of blood |
front 150 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | back 150 A chronic stress-related disease characterized by diarrhea, constipation, and pain associated with rhythmic contractions of the intestine. Mucous colitis; spastic colon |
front 151 megacolon | back 151 An extremely dilated colon. Usually congenital but may occur in acute ulcerative colitis |
front 152 melena | back 152 Black tarry feces resulting from blood in the intestines. Common in newborns. May also be a sign of gastrointestinal bleeding |
front 153 obstipation | back 153 Extreme constipation |
front 154 pernicious anemia | back 154 A form of anemia caused by the stomach’s failure to secrete intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 |
front 155 pilonidal cyst | back 155 A dermal cyst in the sacral region, usually at the top of the cleft between the buttocks. May become infected and begin to drain. |
front 156 thrush | back 156 Fungal infection of the mouth and/or throat caused by Candida; appears as mucosal white patches or ulcers |
front 157 Vincent disease | back 157 Severe gingivitis with necrosis associated with the bacterium Treponema vincentii; necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis; trench mouth |
front 158 appendectomy | back 158 Surgical removal of the appendix |
front 159 bariatrics | back 159 The branch of medicine concerned with prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases (from Greek baros, meaning “weight”) |
front 160 bariatric surgery | back 160 Surgery to reduce the size of the stomach and reduce nutrient absorption in the treatment of morbid obesity. |
front 161 Billroth operations | back 161 Gastrectomy with anastomosis of the stomach to the duodenum (Billroth I) or to the jejunum (Billroth II) |
front 162 gastric bypass surgery | back 162 Division of the stomach and anastomosis of its upper part to the small intestine (jejunum) to reduce nutrient absorption; used to treat morbid obesity. Other surgical methods are used for this purpose, including partition of the stomach with rows of staples (gastric stapling) |
front 163 gavage | back 163 Process of feeding through a nasogastric tube into the stomach |
front 164 lavage | back 164 Washing out of a cavity; irrigation |
front 165 manometry | back 165 Measurement of pressure; pertaining to the GI tract, measurement of pressure in the portal system as a sign of obstruction |
front 166 Murphy sign | back 166 Inability to take a deep breath when fingers are pressed firmly below the right arch of the ribs (below the liver). Signifies gallbladder disease |
front 167 nasogastric (NG) tube | back 167 Tube that is passed through the nose into the stomach. May be used for emptying the stomach, administering medication, giving liquids, or sampling stomach contents. |
front 168 parenteral hyperalimentation | back 168 Complete intravenous feeding for one who cannot take in food. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) |
front 169 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube | back 169 Tube inserted into the stomach for long-term feeding |
front 170 vagotomy | back 170 Interruption of impulses from the vagus nerve to reduce stomach secretions in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Originally done surgically but may also be done with drugs |
front 171 antacid | back 171 Agent that counteracts acidity, usually gastric acidity |
front 172 antidiarrheal | back 172 Treats or prevents diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal lining |
front 173 antiemetic | back 173 Agent that relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting |
front 174 antiflatulent | back 174 Agent that prevents or relieves flatulence |
front 175 antispasmodic | back 175 Agent that relieves spasm, usually of smooth muscle |
front 176 emetic | back 176 An agent that causes vomiting |
front 177 histamine H2 antagonist | back 177 Drug that decreases secretion of stomach acid by interfering with the action of histamine at H2 receptors. Used to treat ulcers and other gastrointestinal problems. H2-receptor-blocking agent |
front 178 laxative | back 178 Promotes elimination from the large intestine. Types include stimulants, substances that retain water (hyperosmotics), stool softeners, and bulk-forming agents |
front 179 proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) | back 179 Agent that inhibits secretion of stomach acid by blocking the transport of hydrogen ions (protons) into the stomach |
front 180 BE | back 180 Barium enema (for radiographic study of the colon) |
front 181 BM | back 181 Bowel movement |
front 182 CBD | back 182 Common bile duct |
front 183 EGD | back 183 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
front 184 ERCP | back 184 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography |
front 185 FAP | back 185 Familial adenomatous polyposis |
front 186 GERD | back 186 Gastroesophageal reflux disease |
front 187 GI | back 187 Gastrointestinal |
front 188 HAV | back 188 Hepatitis A virus |
front 189 HBV | back 189 Hepatitis B virus |
front 190 HCV | back 190 Hepatitis C virus |
front 191 HDV | back 191 Hepatitis D virus |
front 192 HEV | back 192 Hepatitis E virus |
front 193 HCl | back 193 Hydrochloric acid |
front 194 IBD | back 194 Inflammatory bowel disease |
front 195 IBS | back 195 Irritable bowel syndrome |
front 196 LES | back 196 Lower esophageal sphincter |
front 197 NG | back 197 Nasogastric (tube) |
front 198 N & V | back 198 Nausea and vomiting |
front 199 N/V/D | back 199 Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea |
front 200 PONV | back 200 Postoperative nausea and vomiting |
front 201 PPI | back 201 Proton pump inhibitor |
front 202 TPN | back 202 Total parenteral nutrition |
front 203 UGI | back 203 Upper gastrointestinal (radiograph series) |