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Chapter 12 The Digestive System

front 1

bucc/o

back 1

cheek

Ex. Buccoversion
turning toward the cheek

front 2

dent/o, dent/I

back 2

tooth, teeth

Ex. Edentulous
without teeth

front 3

odont/o

back 3

tooth, teeth

Ex. Periodontics
dental specialty that deals with the study and treatment of the tissues around the teeth

front 4

gingiv/o

back 4

gum (gingiva)

Ex. Gingivectomy
excision of gum tissue

front 5

gloss/o

back 5

tongue

Ex. Glossoplegia
paralysis (-plegia) of the tongue

front 6

lingu/o

back 6

tongue

Ex. Orolingual
pertaining to the mouth and tongue

front 7

gnath/o

back 7

jaw prognathous
having a projecting jaw

front 8

labi/o

back 8

lip

Ex. Labium
lip or liplike structure

front 9

or/o

back 9

mouth

Ex. Circumoral
around the mouth

front 10

stoma, stomat/o

back 10

mouth

Ex. Xerostomia
dryness (xero-) of the mouth

front 11

palat/o

back 11

palate

Ex. Palatine
pertaining to the palate (also palatal)

front 12

sial/o

back 12

saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct

Ex. Sialogram
radiograph of the salivary glands and ducts

front 13

uvul/o

back 13

uvula

Ex. Uvulotome
instrument (-tome) for incising the uvula

front 14

esophag/o

back 14

esophagus

Ex. Esophageal
pertaining to the esophagus

front 15

gastr/o

back 15

stomach

Ex. Gastroparesis
partial paralysis (paresis) of the stomach

front 16

pylor/o

back 16

pylorus

Ex. Pyloroplasty
plastic repair of the pylorus

front 17

enter/o

back 17

intestine

Ex. Dysentery
infectious disease of the intestine

front 18

duoden/o

back 18

duodenum

Ex. Duodenostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the duodenum

front 19

jejun/o

back 19

jejunum

Ex. Jejunectomy
excision of the jejunum

front 20

ile/o

back 20

ileum

Ex. Ileitis
inflammation of the ileum

front 21

cec/o

back 21

cecum

Ex. Cecoptosis
downward displacement of the cecum

front 22

col/o, colon/o

back 22

colon

Ex. Coloclysis
irrigation (-clysis) of the colon

front 23

sigmoid/o

back 23

sigmoid colon
sigmoidoscope an endoscope for examining the sigmoid colon

front 24

rect/o

back 24

rectum

Ex. Rectocele
hernia of the rectum

front 25

proct/o

back 25

rectum

Ex. Proctopexy
surgical fixation of the rectum

front 26

an/o

back 26

anus

Ex. Perianal
around the anus

front 27

hepat/o

back 27

liver

Ex. Hepatocyte
a liver cell

front 28

bili

back 28

bile

Ex. Biliary
pertaining to the bile or bile ducts

front 29

chol/e, chol/o

back 29

bile, gall

Ex. Cholestasis
stoppage of bile flow

front 30

cholecyst/o

back 30

gallbladder

Ex. Cholecystogram
radiograph of the gallbladder

front 31

cholangi/o

back 31

bile duct

Ex. Cholangioma
cancer of the bile ducts

front 32

choledoch/o

back 32

common bile duct

Ex. Choledochal
pertaining to the common bile duct

front 33

pancreat/o

back 33

pancreas

Ex. Pancreatotropic
acting on the pancreas

front 34

anus

back 34

The distal opening of the digestive tract (root: an/o)

front 35

appendix

back 35

An appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum, the vermiform (wormlike) appendix

front 36

bile

back 36

The fluid secreted by the liver that emulsified fats and aids in their absorption (roots: chol/e, bili)

front 37

cecum

back 37

A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine (root: cec/o)

front 38

colon

back 38

The major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending portions (root: col/o, colon/o)

front 39

common bile duct

back 39

The duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct (root: choledoch/o)

front 40

duodenum

back 40

The first portion of the small intestine (root: duoden/o)

front 41

enzyme

back 41

An organic catalyst; speeds the rate of chemical reactions

front 42

esophagus

back 42

The muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.

front 43

feces

back 43

The waste material eliminated from the intestine (adjective: fecal); stool

front 44

gallbladder

back 44

A sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile (root: cholecyst/o)

front 45

hepatic portal system

back 45

A special pathway of the circulation that brings blood directly from the abdominal organs to the liver for processing (also called simply the portal system). The vessel that enters the liver is the hepatic portal vein (portal vein).

front 46

ileum

back 46

The terminal portion of the small intestine (root: ile/o)

front 47

intestine

back 47

The portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus. It consists of the small intestine and large intestine. It functions in digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste (root: enter/o). The bowel (BOW-el)

front 48

jejunum

back 48

The middle portion of the small intestine (root: jejun/o)

front 49

lacteal

back 49

A lymphatic capillary in a villus of the small intestine. Lacteals absorb digested fats into the lymph

front 50

large intestine

back 50

The terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. It stores and eliminates undigested waste material (feces)

front 51

liver

back 51

The large gland in the upper right part of the abdomen. In addition to many other functions, it secretes bile needed for digestion and absorption of fats (root: hepat/o)

front 52

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

back 52

Muscle tissue at the distal end of the esophagus (gastroesophageal junction) that prevents stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus. Also called the cardiac sphincter

front 53

mastication

back 53

Chewing

front 54

mouth

back 54

The oral cavity; contains the tongue and teeth. Used to take in and chew food, mix it with saliva, and move it toward the throat to be swallowed

front 55

palate

back 55

The roof of the mouth; the partition between the mouth and nasal cavity; consists of an anterior portion formed by bone, the hard palate, and a posterior portion formed of tissue, the soft palate (root: palat/o)

front 56

pancreas

back 56

A large, elongated gland behind the stomach. It produces hormones that regulate sugar metabolism and also produces digestive enzymes (root: pancreat/o)

front 57

peristalsis

back 57

Wavelike contractions of an organ's walls; moves material through an organ or duct

front 58

peritoneum

back 58

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and supports the abdominal organs

front 59

pharynx

back 59

The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o)

front 60

pylorus

back 60

The stomach's distal opening into the duodenum. The opening is controlled by a ring of muscle, the pyloric sphincter (root: pylor/o)

front 61

rectum

back 61

The distal portion of the large intestine. It stores and eliminates undigested waste (root: rect/o, proct/o)

front 62

saliva

back 62

The clear secretion released into the mouth that moistens food and contains a starch-digesting enzyme (root: sial/o). Saliva is produced by three pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

front 63

sigmoid colon

back 63

Distal S-shaped portion of the large intestine located between the descending colon and the rectum

front 64

small intestine

back 64

The portion of the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine; comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Accessory organs secrete into the small intestine, and almost all digestion and absorption occur there

front 65

stomach

back 65

A muscular saclike organ below the diaphragm that stores food and secretes juices that digest proteins (root: gastr/o)

front 66

uvula

back 66

The fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate; aids in speech production (literally “little grape”) (root: uvul/o)

front 67

villi

back 67

Tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that absorb digested foods into the circulation (singular: villus)

front 68

appendicitis

back 68

Inflammation of the appendix

front 69

ascites

back 69

Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. May be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in plasma composition

front 70

Barrett syndrome

back 70

Lower esophageal ulcer resulting from chronic esophagitis, often with constriction caused by mucosal changes; may be premalignant. Also called Barrett esophagus

front 71

biliary colic

back 71

Acute abdominal pain caused by gallstones in the bile ducts

front 72

bilirubin

back 72

A pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile

front 73

caries

back 73

Tooth decay

front 74

celiac disease

back 74

Inability to absorb foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat and some other grains; caused by an excess immune response to gluten

front 75

cholecystitis

back 75

Inflammation of the gallbladder

front 76

cholelithiasis

back 76

The condition of having stones in the gallbladder; also used to refer to stones in the common bile duct

front 77

cirrhosis

back 77

Chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue

front 78

Crohn disease

back 78

A chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract usually involving the ileum and colon

front 79

diarrhea

back 79

The frequent passage of watery bowel movements

front 80

diverticulitis

back 80

Inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the wall of the digestive tract, especially in the colon

front 81

diverticulosis

back 81

The presence of diverticula, especially in the colon

front 82

dysphagia

back 82

Difficulty in swallowing

front 83

emesis

back 83

Vomiting

front 84

fistula

back 84

An abnormal passageway between two organs or from an organ to the body surface, such as between the rectum and anus (anorectal fistula)

front 85

gastroenteritis

back 85

Inflammation of the stomach and intestine

front 86

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

back 86

Condition caused by reflux of gastric juices into the esophagus resulting in heartburn, regurgitation, inflammation, and possible damage to the esophagus; caused by weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

front 87

heartburn

back 87

A warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum and radiating upward. Commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Medical name is pyrosis (pyr/o means “heat”)

front 88

hemorrhoids

back 88

Varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and sometimes prolapse of the rectum

front 89

hepatitis

back 89

Inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection

front 90

hepatomegaly

back 90

Enlargement of the liver

front 91

hiatal hernia

back 91

A protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

front 92

icterus

back 92

Jaundice

front 93

ileus

back 93

Intestinal obstruction. May be caused by lack of peristalsis (adynamic, paralytic ileus) or by contraction (dynamic ileus). Intestinal matter and gas may be relieved by insertion of a drainage tube

front 94

intussusception

back 94

Slipping of one part of the intestine into another part below it. Occurs mainly in male infants in the ileocecal region). May be fatal if untreated for more than one day

front 95

jaundice

back 95

A yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eye caused by bile pigments in the blood (from French jaune meaning “yellow”). The main pigment is bilirubin, a byproduct of erythrocyte destruction

front 96

leukoplakia

back 96

White patches on mucous membranes, as on the tongue or cheeks, often resulting from smoking or other irritants; may be precancerous

front 97

nausea

back 97

An unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset, motion sickness, and sometimes early pregnancy

front 98

occult blood

back 98

Blood present in such small amounts that it can be detected only microscopically or chemically; in the feces, a sign of intestinal bleeding (occult means “hidden”)

front 99

pancreatitis

back 99

Inflammation of the pancreas

front 100

peptic ulcer

back 100

A lesion in the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum caused by the action of gastric juice

front 101

peritonitis

back 101

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. May result from perforation of an ulcer, rupture of the appendix, or infection of the reproductive tract, among other causes.

front 102

polyp

back 102

A tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily

front 103

portal hypertension

back 103

An abnormal pressure increase in the hepatic portal system. May be caused by cirrhosis, infection, thrombosis, or tumors

front 104

pyloric stenosis

back 104

Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum; pylorostenosis

front 105

regurgitation

back 105

A backward flowing, such as the backflow of undigested food

front 106

splenomegaly

back 106

Enlargement of the spleen

front 107

ulcerative colitis

back 107

Chronic ulceration of the rectum and colon; the cause is unknown, but may involve autoimmunity

front 108

volvulus

back 108

Twisting of the intestine resulting in obstruction. Usually involves the sigmoid colon and occurs most often in children and in the elderly. May be caused by congenital malformation, a foreign body, or adhesion. Failure to treat immediately may result in death

front 109

anastomosis

back 109

A passage or communication between two vessels or organs. May be normal or pathologic, or may be created surgically

front 110

barium study

back 110

Use of barium sulfate as a liquid contrast medium for fluoroscopic or radiographic study of the digestive tract. Can show obstruction, tumors, ulcers, hiatal hernia, and motility disorders, among other things

front 111

cholecystectomy

back 111

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

front 112

Dukes classification

back 112

A system for staging colorectal cancer based on degree of penetration of the bowel wall and lymph node involvement; severity is graded from A to C

front 113

endoscopy

back 113

Use of a fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual examination. GI studies include esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy (rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of the colon)

front 114

ERCP

back 114

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; a technique for viewing the pancreatic and bile ducts and for performing certain techniques to relieve obstructions. Contrast medium is injected into the biliary system from the duodenum and radiographs are taken

front 115

ostomy

back 115

An opening into the body; generally refers to an opening created for elimination of body waste. Also refers to the operation done to create such an opening (see stoma)

front 116

stoma

back 116

A surgically created opening to the body surface or between two organs (literally “mouth”)

front 117

bolus

back 117

A mass, such as the rounded mass of food that is swallowed

front 118

cardia

back 118

The part of the stomach near the esophagus, named for its closeness to the heart

front 119

chyme

back 119

The semiliquid partially digested food that moves from the stomach into the small intestine

front 120

defecation

back 120

The evacuation of feces from the rectum

front 121

deglutition

back 121

Swallowing

front 122

duodenal bulb

back 122

The part of the duodenum near the pylorus; the first bend (flexure) of the duodenum

front 123

duodenal papilla

back 123

The raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum; papilla of Vater (FA-ter)

front 124

greater omentum

back 124

A fold of the peritoneum that extends from the stomach over the abdominal organs

front 125

hepatic flexure

back 125

The right bend of the colon, forming the junction between the ascending colon and the transverse colon

front 126

ileocecal valve

back 126

A valve-like structure between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

front 127

mesentery

back 127

The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the intestine

front 128

mesocolon

back 128

The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the colon

front 129

papilla of Vater

back 129

See duodenal papilla

front 130

rugae

back 130

The large folds in the lining of the stomach seen when the stomach is empty

front 131

sphincter of Oddi

back 131

The ring of muscle at the opening of the common bile duct into the duodenum

front 132

splenic flexure

back 132

The left bend of the colon, forming the junction between the transverse colon and the descending colon

front 133

achalasia

back 133

Failure of a smooth muscle to relax, especially the lower esophageal sphincter, so that food is retained in the esophagus

front 134

achlorhydria

back 134

Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; opposite is hyperchlorhydria

front 135

anorexia

back 135

Loss of appetite. Anorexia nervosa is a psychologically induced refusal or inability to eat (adjectives: anorectic, anorexic)

front 136

aphagia

back 136

Refusal or inability to eat; inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing

front 137

aphthous ulcer

back 137

An ulcer in a mucous membrane, as in the mouth

front 138

bruxism

back 138

Clenching and grinding of the teeth, usually during sleep

front 139

bulimia

back 139

Excessive, insatiable appetite. A disorder characterized by overeating followed by induced vomiting, diarrhea, or fasting

front 140

cachexia

back 140

Profound ill health, malnutrition, and wasting

front 141

cheilosis

back 141

Cracking at the corners of the mouth, often caused by B vitamin deficiency (root cheil/o means “lip”)

front 142

cholestasis

back 142

Stoppage of bile flow

front 143

constipation

back 143

Infrequency or difficulty in defecation and the passage of hard, dry feces

front 144

dyspepsia

back 144

Poor or painful digestion

front 145

eructation

back 145

Belching

front 146

familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

back 146

A heredity condition in which multiple polyps form in the colon and rectum, predisposing to colorectal cancer

front 147

flatulence

back 147

Condition of having gas or air in the GI tract

front 148

flatus

back 148

Gas or air in the gastrointestinal tract; gas or air expelled through the anus

front 149

hematemesis

back 149

Vomiting of blood

front 150

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

back 150

A chronic stress-related disease characterized by diarrhea, constipation, and pain associated with rhythmic contractions of the intestine. Mucous colitis; spastic colon

front 151

megacolon

back 151

An extremely dilated colon. Usually congenital but may occur in acute ulcerative colitis

front 152

melena

back 152

Black tarry feces resulting from blood in the intestines. Common in newborns. May also be a sign of gastrointestinal bleeding

front 153

obstipation

back 153

Extreme constipation

front 154

pernicious anemia

back 154

A form of anemia caused by the stomach’s failure to secrete intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12

front 155

pilonidal cyst

back 155

A dermal cyst in the sacral region, usually at the top of the cleft between the buttocks. May become infected and begin to drain.

front 156

thrush

back 156

Fungal infection of the mouth and/or throat caused by Candida; appears as mucosal white patches or ulcers

front 157

Vincent disease

back 157

Severe gingivitis with necrosis associated with the bacterium Treponema vincentii; necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis; trench mouth

front 158

appendectomy

back 158

Surgical removal of the appendix

front 159

bariatrics

back 159

The branch of medicine concerned with prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases (from Greek baros, meaning “weight”)

front 160

bariatric surgery

back 160

Surgery to reduce the size of the stomach and reduce nutrient absorption in the treatment of morbid obesity.

front 161

Billroth operations

back 161

Gastrectomy with anastomosis of the stomach to the duodenum (Billroth I) or to the jejunum (Billroth II)

front 162

gastric bypass surgery

back 162

Division of the stomach and anastomosis of its upper part to the small intestine (jejunum) to reduce nutrient absorption; used to treat morbid obesity. Other surgical methods are used for this purpose, including partition of the stomach with rows of staples (gastric stapling)

front 163

gavage

back 163

Process of feeding through a nasogastric tube into the stomach

front 164

lavage

back 164

Washing out of a cavity; irrigation

front 165

manometry

back 165

Measurement of pressure; pertaining to the GI tract, measurement of pressure in the portal system as a sign of obstruction

front 166

Murphy sign

back 166

Inability to take a deep breath when fingers are pressed firmly below the right arch of the ribs (below the liver). Signifies gallbladder disease

front 167

nasogastric (NG) tube

back 167

Tube that is passed through the nose into the stomach. May be used for emptying the stomach, administering medication, giving liquids, or sampling stomach contents.

front 168

parenteral hyperalimentation

back 168

Complete intravenous feeding for one who cannot take in food. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

front 169

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube

back 169

Tube inserted into the stomach for long-term feeding

front 170

vagotomy

back 170

Interruption of impulses from the vagus nerve to reduce stomach secretions in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Originally done surgically but may also be done with drugs

front 171

antacid

back 171

Agent that counteracts acidity, usually gastric acidity

front 172

antidiarrheal

back 172

Treats or prevents diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal lining

front 173

antiemetic

back 173

Agent that relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting

front 174

antiflatulent

back 174

Agent that prevents or relieves flatulence

front 175

antispasmodic

back 175

Agent that relieves spasm, usually of smooth muscle

front 176

emetic

back 176

An agent that causes vomiting

front 177

histamine H2 antagonist

back 177

Drug that decreases secretion of stomach acid by interfering with the action of histamine at H2 receptors. Used to treat ulcers and other gastrointestinal problems. H2-receptor-blocking agent

front 178

laxative

back 178

Promotes elimination from the large intestine. Types include stimulants, substances that retain water (hyperosmotics), stool softeners, and bulk-forming agents

front 179

proton-pump inhibitor (PPI)

back 179

Agent that inhibits secretion of stomach acid by blocking the transport of hydrogen ions (protons) into the stomach

front 180

BE

back 180

Barium enema (for radiographic study of the colon)

front 181

BM

back 181

Bowel movement

front 182

CBD

back 182

Common bile duct

front 183

EGD

back 183

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

front 184

ERCP

back 184

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

front 185

FAP

back 185

Familial adenomatous polyposis

front 186

GERD

back 186

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

front 187

GI

back 187

Gastrointestinal

front 188

HAV

back 188

Hepatitis A virus

front 189

HBV

back 189

Hepatitis B virus

front 190

HCV

back 190

Hepatitis C virus

front 191

HDV

back 191

Hepatitis D virus

front 192

HEV

back 192

Hepatitis E virus

front 193

HCl

back 193

Hydrochloric acid

front 194

IBD

back 194

Inflammatory bowel disease

front 195

IBS

back 195

Irritable bowel syndrome

front 196

LES

back 196

Lower esophageal sphincter

front 197

NG

back 197

Nasogastric (tube)

front 198

N & V

back 198

Nausea and vomiting

front 199

N/V/D

back 199

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

front 200

PONV

back 200

Postoperative nausea and vomiting

front 201

PPI

back 201

Proton pump inhibitor

front 202

TPN

back 202

Total parenteral nutrition

front 203

UGI

back 203

Upper gastrointestinal (radiograph series)