front 1 Which groups of organisms are microorganisms? | back 1 • Bacteria
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front 2 Why is microbiology so diverse? | back 2 The simplicity,growth rate,and adaptability of
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front 3 When did prokaryotes first appear on the planet? | back 3 Prokaryotes first appear on the planet 3.5 billion years ago. |
front 4 What type of relationship do most microorganisms have with humans? | back 4 Most human relationships with microorganisms are beneficial
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front 5 What are the human uses of microorganisms? | back 5 • Biotechnology – industrial products, foods, drugs
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front 6 What are some examples of human uses of microorganisms? | back 6 • Biodiesel bioreactor – using algae to mass produce oil
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front 7 What is the top infectious cause of death in the USA? | back 7 Influenza and pneumonia |
front 8 What is the top infectious cause of death in the world? | back 8 Respiratory Infection |
front 9 How old is microbiology as a science? | back 9 300 Years old. |
front 10 What is a hypothesis? | back 10 a tentative explanation for what has been observed or measured |
front 11 What is a law? | back 11 theory becomes law when the accuracy and
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front 12 What is a theory? | back 12 a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event |
front 13 What were the major contributions of Lister? | back 13 aseptic technique |
front 14 What were the major contributions of Pasteur? | back 14 pasteurization |
front 15 What were the major contributions of Koch? | back 15 "germ"--theory of disease |
front 16 What were the major contributions of van Leeuwenhoek? | back 16 Microscope and the study of Microbiology |
front 17 Which taxon contains the most organisms? | back 17 Domain |
front 18 Which taxon contains the fewest organisms? | back 18 Species |
front 19 How is an organism’s name written using binomial nomenclature? | back 19 Organisms are assigned binomial scientific names consisting of their genus and species names:
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front 20 What is the basis of the Whittaker classification system? | back 20 His basis is based on cell structure and cell type.
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front 21 What is the basis of the Woese-Fox classification system? | back 21 His basis is based on the genetic structure of ribosomes.
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front 22 What structures are found in all cells? | back 22 – Cell membrane
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front 23 What are the basic characteristics of life? | back 23 Heredity and reproduction (Sexually or asexually)
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front 24 What are the functions of glycocalyces? | back 24 its function is to provide a slime layer or a capsule |
front 25 What are the functions of pili? | back 25 its function is to provide a means for genetic exchange |
front 26 What are the functions of fimbriae? | back 26 its function is in adhering (sticking) |
front 27 What are the functions of flagella? | back 27 its function is used for motility |
front 28 Which part of the bacterial cell envelope provides cell rigidity? | back 28 peptidoglycan–A repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments. |
front 29 How many cell envelope layers are found in Gram-positive cells? | back 29 Three
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front 30 How many cell envelope layers are found in Gram-negative cells? | back 30 Five (1=cell membrane, 2-5= cell wall)
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front 31 What color are Gram-positive cells after a Gram stain? | back 31 Purple |
front 32 What color are Gram-negative cells after a Gram stain? | back 32 Red |
front 33 What is the list of the bacterial internal structures?. | back 33 Chromosomes
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front 34 What is the general description of Nucleoid? | back 34 where chromosomes are condensed |
front 35 What is the general description of Ribosomes? | back 35 site of protein synthesis,(70S) |
front 36 What is the general description of Plasmids? | back 36 extra genetic information |
front 37 What is the general description of Inclusion? | back 37 storage structures |
front 38 What is the general description of Actin cytoskeleton? | back 38 gives bacterial cell shape |
front 39 What is the general description of Endospores | back 39 highly resistant structure for survival,
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front 40 ![]() What is this bacteria | back 40 coccus |
front 41 ![]() What is this bacteria | back 41 Rod/Bacillus |
front 42 ![]() What is this bacteria | back 42 Vibrio |
front 43 ![]() What is this bacteria | back 43 Spirillum
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front 44 ![]() What is this bacteria | back 44 Spirochete
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front 45 ![]() What is this bacteria | back 45 Branching filaments |
front 46 ![]() What is this bacteria | back 46 Pleomorphic(variation in shape and size within a
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front 47 What are some general characteristics of Archaea. | back 47 characterized by their ability to tolerate extremes in temperature and acidity; methane-producers and salt-lovers; |
front 48 What is the endosymbiotic theory? | back 48 Endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose when a much larger procaryotic cell engulfed smaller procaryotic cells that began to live and reproduce inside the larger cell without being destroyed. |
front 49 In which eukaryotic microorganisms are cell walls found? | back 49 in fungi and algae only |
front 50 What are the forms and functions of the external structures of the eukaryotic cell. | back 50 Appendages for movement
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front 51 What are the forms and functions of the internal structures of the eukaryotic cell. | back 51 Organelles
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front 52 What are structures shared by prokaryotes and eukaryotes. | back 52 Nucleic Acids, Cell membrane, Cytoplasms, and Ribosomes |
front 53 Know the basic information about fungi | back 53 Morphology–2 forms YEAST (single cells) or MOLD (filamentous growth).
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front 54 Know the basic information about algae | back 54 Morphology–unicellular, colonial, filamentous or larger forms such as seaweeds
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front 55 Know the basic information about protozoa, | back 55 • Morphology–most are unicellular, lack a cell wall, cytoplasm divided into ectoplas and endoplasm, many convert to a resistant
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front 56 Know the basic information about helminthes. | back 56 Morphology–animal cells,multicellular, individual organs
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front 57 In what century were viruses finally directly studied? | back 57 the 20th century |
front 58 What exactly are viruses? | back 58 Viruses are infectious particles. They are not cells and lack organelles, locomotion, are Complex molecules and Can be crystalline |
front 59 What structures are found in an enveloped virus? | back 59 nucleic acid core, capsid and envelope/spikes |
front 60 What structures are found in a naked virus? | back 60 nucleic acid core and capsid |
front 61 How are viruses classified? | back 61 By DNA viruses and RNA viruses. These are further subdivided into families, depending on shape and size of capsid, presence or absence of envelope, nature of nucleic acid(single or double stranded),
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front 62 What are the steps in animal virus multiplication. | back 62 1) Adsorption
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front 63 Describe Adsorption: | back 63 The virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors |
front 64 Describe Penetration: | back 64 The virus is engulfed into a vesicle and its envelope is "uncoated" |
front 65 Describe Uncoated: | back 65 freeing the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm |
front 66 Describe Synthesis: | back 66 Replication and Protein Production under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses RNA molecule, capsomers, spikes. |
front 67 Describe Assembly: | back 67 Viral Spikes proteins are insterted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers |
front 68 Describe Release: | back 68 Enveloped viruses bud off of the membrane, carrying away envelop with the spike. This complete virus or virion is ready to infect another cell. |
front 69 What are examples of persistent viral infections. | back 69 measles, herpes zoster, and herpes simplex |
front 70 What is an oncogenic virus? | back 70 Viruses that alter host genetic material, and may cause cancer |
front 71 What are the major differences between animal virus replication and bacterial virus replication? | back 71 Whole cell engulfed versus injection of DNA and Lysis versus budding |
front 72 What is needed to grow a virus? | back 72 an intracellular environment. MUST HAVE CELLS! |
front 73 What is the name of a viral “clear spot” on growth media? | back 73 Plaque |
front 74 What are some examples of cytopathic effects (CPE). | back 74 Inclusion body, cells fusing together to make one giant cell, and multiple nuclei's in one giant cell. |
front 75 What types of diseases are caused by prions? | back 75 Mad Cow Disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease |
front 76 What are satellite viruses? | back 76 Defective viruses that depend on other viruses for
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front 77 What is delta agent? | back 77 naked RNA needs hepatitis B virus and together they worsen the symptoms |
front 78 What are viroids? | back 78 Naked RNA strands pathogenic to tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, citrus trees, and chysanthemums. |