What are the human uses of microorganisms?

• Biotechnology – industrial products, foods, drugs
• Genetic engineering–new products and life forms
• Bioremediation–clean up wastes and pollutants

What are some examples of human uses of microorganisms?

• Biodiesel bioreactor – using algae to mass produce oil
• Testing bacteria to detoxify radioactive waste

What is the top infectious cause of death in the USA?

Influenza and pneumonia

What is the top infectious cause of death in the world?

Respiratory Infection

How old is microbiology as a science?

300 Years old.

What is a hypothesis?

a tentative explanation for what has been observed or measured

What is a law?

theory becomes law when the accuracy and
predictability of the theory is so compelling that
the next level of confidence is reached

What is a theory?

a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event

What were the major contributions of Lister?

aseptic technique

What were the major contributions of Pasteur?

pasteurization

What were the major contributions of Koch?

"germ"--theory of disease

What were the major contributions of van Leeuwenhoek?

Microscope and the study of Microbiology

Which taxon contains the most organisms?

Domain

Which taxon contains the fewest organisms?

Species

How is an organism’s name written using binomial nomenclature?

Organisms are assigned binomial scientific names consisting of their genus and species names:
i.e. Homo sapiens, Escherichia coli

What is the basis of the Whittaker classification system?

His basis is based on cell structure and cell type.
Added:
• Five kingdoms(plants, animal, fungi, protists and monerans)
• Two cell type (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

What is the basis of the Woese-Fox classification system?

His basis is based on the genetic structure of ribosomes.
Added:
• 4 Kingdoms-> Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Prostista
• 3 Domain-> Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What structures are found in all cells?

– Cell membrane
– Cytoplasm
– Chromosome
– Ribosomes

What are the basic characteristics of life?

Heredity and reproduction (Sexually or asexually)
Growth, Metabolism, Responsiveness (Irritability, Communication, Motility), and Transport

What are the functions of glycocalyces?

its function is to provide a slime layer or a capsule

What are the functions of pili?

its function is to provide a means for genetic exchange

What are the functions of fimbriae?

its function is in adhering (sticking)

What are the functions of flagella?

its function is used for motility

Which part of the bacterial cell envelope provides cell rigidity?

peptidoglycan–A repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments.

How many cell envelope layers are found in Gram-positive cells?

Three
1) Cellmembrane (thin inner layer)
2) Periplasmicspace (space between 1+3)
3) Peptidoglycan layer (thick outer layer)

How many cell envelope layers are found in Gram-negative cells?

Five (1=cell membrane, 2-5= cell wall)
1) Cell membrane (thin inner layer)
2) Periplasmic space (space b/t 1+3+5)
3) Peptidoglycan layer(thin outer layer)
4) Periplasmic space (space b/t 1+3+5)
5) Outer cell membrane

What color are Gram-positive cells after a Gram stain?

Purple

What color are Gram-negative cells after a Gram stain?

Red

What is the list of the bacterial internal structures?.

Chromosomes
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasmids
Inclusions
Actin cytoskeleton
Endospores

What is the general description of Nucleoid?

where chromosomes are condensed

What is the general description of Ribosomes?

site of protein synthesis,(70S)

What is the general description of Plasmids?

extra genetic information

What is the general description of Inclusion?

storage structures

What is the general description of Actin cytoskeleton?

gives bacterial cell shape

What is the general description of Endospores

highly resistant structure for survival,
NOT reproduction

What is this bacteria

coccus

What is this bacteria

Rod/Bacillus

What is this bacteria

Vibrio

What is this bacteria

Spirillum
-Polar (outside) flagella; cells swim by rotating around like corckscrew, do not flex, have one to several flagella, can be in tufts (1-20 helical turns)

What is this bacteria

Spirochete
-Periplasmic flagella within sheath; cells flex; can swim by rotation or by creeping on surfaces; have 2 to 100 periplasmic flagella (3 to 70 helical turns)

What is this bacteria

Branching filaments

What is this bacteria

Pleomorphic(variation in shape and size within a
species(below)

What are some general characteristics of Archaea.

characterized by their ability to tolerate extremes in temperature and acidity; methane-producers and salt-lovers;

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose when a much larger procaryotic cell engulfed smaller procaryotic cells that began to live and reproduce inside the larger cell without being destroyed.

In which eukaryotic microorganisms are cell walls found?

in fungi and algae only

What are the forms and functions of the external structures of the eukaryotic cell.

Appendages for movement
– Cilia
– Flagella

What are the forms and functions of the internal structures of the eukaryotic cell.

Organelles
– Nucleus and nucleolus
– Endoplasmic reticulum
– Golgi complex
– Mitochondria and chloroplasts
– Ribosomes
– Cytoskeleton((microtubules(and(microfilaments)

What are structures shared by prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Nucleic Acids, Cell membrane, Cytoplasms, and Ribosomes

Know the basic information about fungi

Morphology–2 forms YEAST (single cells) or MOLD (filamentous growth).
• Nutritional Mode/Distribution –(heterotrophic,(majority saprobic, a few are parasitic (but none are obligate) widespread
• Reproduction–primarily through spores, asexually or sexually
• Major Groups four main phyla based on sexual spore type
• Importance–essential decomposers

Know the basic information about algae

Morphology–unicellular, colonial, filamentous or larger forms such as seaweeds
• Nutritional Mode/Distribution–photosynthetic, freshwater and marine water habitats main component of plankton
• Importance–provide the basis of the food
web in most aquatic habitats

Know the basic information about protozoa,

• Morphology–most are unicellular, lack a cell wall, cytoplasm divided into ectoplas and endoplasm, many convert to a resistant
dormant stage called a cyst
• Nutritoonal Mode/Distribution–heterotrophic,free-living in moist habitats water, soil, feed by engulfing other organisms
• Reproduction–asexual mitosis, sexual conjugation of gametes
• Major Groups–four groups based on locomotion mode and type of reproduction
• Importance food webs and decomposing organic material

Know the basic information about helminthes.

Morphology–animal cells,multicellular, individual organs
• Reproduction – majority reproduce sexually,
sexes may be hermaphroditic
• Epidemiology – developing countries in the
tropics hardest hit with infections transmitted by
ingestion, vectors, and direct contact with
infectious stages, billions of humans affected

In what century were viruses finally directly studied?

the 20th century

What exactly are viruses?

Viruses are infectious particles. They are not cells and lack organelles, locomotion, are Complex molecules and Can be crystalline

What structures are found in an enveloped virus?

nucleic acid core, capsid and envelope/spikes

What structures are found in a naked virus?

nucleic acid core and capsid

How are viruses classified?

By DNA viruses and RNA viruses. These are further subdivided into families, depending on shape and size of capsid, presence or absence of envelope, nature of nucleic acid(single or double stranded),
antigenic similarities, and host cells.

What are the steps in animal virus multiplication.

1) Adsorption
2) Penetration
3) Uncoated
4) Synthesis
5) Assembly
6) Release

Describe Adsorption:

The virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors

Describe Penetration:

The virus is engulfed into a vesicle and its envelope is "uncoated"

Describe Uncoated:

freeing the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm

Describe Synthesis:

Replication and Protein Production under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses RNA molecule, capsomers, spikes.

Describe Assembly:

Viral Spikes proteins are insterted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers

Describe Release:

Enveloped viruses bud off of the membrane, carrying away envelop with the spike. This complete virus or virion is ready to infect another cell.

What are examples of persistent viral infections.

measles, herpes zoster, and herpes simplex

What is an oncogenic virus?

Viruses that alter host genetic material, and may cause cancer

What are the major differences between animal virus replication and bacterial virus replication?

Whole cell engulfed versus injection of DNA and Lysis versus budding

What is needed to grow a virus?

an intracellular environment. MUST HAVE CELLS!

What is the name of a viral “clear spot” on growth media?

Plaque

What are some examples of cytopathic effects (CPE).

Inclusion body, cells fusing together to make one giant cell, and multiple nuclei's in one giant cell.

What types of diseases are caused by prions?

Mad Cow Disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

What are satellite viruses?

Defective viruses that depend on other viruses for
replication

What is delta agent?

naked RNA needs hepatitis B virus and together they worsen the symptoms

What are viroids?

Naked RNA strands pathogenic to tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, citrus trees, and chysanthemums.