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Microbiology Exam 1

front 1

Which groups of organisms are microorganisms?

back 1

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Algae
• Helminths

front 2

Why is microbiology so diverse?

back 2

The simplicity,growth rate,and adaptability of
microbes are some of the reasons that
microbiology is so diverse

front 3

When did prokaryotes first appear on the planet?

back 3

Prokaryotes first appear on the planet 3.5 billion years ago.

front 4

What type of relationship do most microorganisms have with humans?

back 4

Most human relationships with microorganisms are beneficial
– Nutrient production and energy flow(algae and
some photosynthetic bacteria)
– Breakdown and recycling of nutrients (fungi)

front 5

What are the human uses of microorganisms?

back 5

• Biotechnology – industrial products, foods, drugs
• Genetic engineering–new products and life forms
• Bioremediation–clean up wastes and pollutants

front 6

What are some examples of human uses of microorganisms?

back 6

• Biodiesel bioreactor – using algae to mass produce oil
• Testing bacteria to detoxify radioactive waste

front 7

What is the top infectious cause of death in the USA?

back 7

Influenza and pneumonia

front 8

What is the top infectious cause of death in the world?

back 8

Respiratory Infection

front 9

How old is microbiology as a science?

back 9

300 Years old.

front 10

What is a hypothesis?

back 10

a tentative explanation for what has been observed or measured

front 11

What is a law?

back 11

theory becomes law when the accuracy and
predictability of the theory is so compelling that
the next level of confidence is reached

front 12

What is a theory?

back 12

a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event

front 13

What were the major contributions of Lister?

back 13

aseptic technique

front 14

What were the major contributions of Pasteur?

back 14

pasteurization

front 15

What were the major contributions of Koch?

back 15

"germ"--theory of disease

front 16

What were the major contributions of van Leeuwenhoek?

back 16

Microscope and the study of Microbiology

front 17

Which taxon contains the most organisms?

back 17

Domain

front 18

Which taxon contains the fewest organisms?

back 18

Species

front 19

How is an organism’s name written using binomial nomenclature?

back 19

Organisms are assigned binomial scientific names consisting of their genus and species names:
i.e. Homo sapiens, Escherichia coli

front 20

What is the basis of the Whittaker classification system?

back 20

His basis is based on cell structure and cell type.
Added:
• Five kingdoms(plants, animal, fungi, protists and monerans)
• Two cell type (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

front 21

What is the basis of the Woese-Fox classification system?

back 21

His basis is based on the genetic structure of ribosomes.
Added:
• 4 Kingdoms-> Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Prostista
• 3 Domain-> Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

front 22

What structures are found in all cells?

back 22

– Cell membrane
– Cytoplasm
– Chromosome
– Ribosomes

front 23

What are the basic characteristics of life?

back 23

Heredity and reproduction (Sexually or asexually)
Growth, Metabolism, Responsiveness (Irritability, Communication, Motility), and Transport

front 24

What are the functions of glycocalyces?

back 24

its function is to provide a slime layer or a capsule

front 25

What are the functions of pili?

back 25

its function is to provide a means for genetic exchange

front 26

What are the functions of fimbriae?

back 26

its function is in adhering (sticking)

front 27

What are the functions of flagella?

back 27

its function is used for motility

front 28

Which part of the bacterial cell envelope provides cell rigidity?

back 28

peptidoglycan–A repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments.

front 29

How many cell envelope layers are found in Gram-positive cells?

back 29

Three
1) Cellmembrane (thin inner layer)
2) Periplasmicspace (space between 1+3)
3) Peptidoglycan layer (thick outer layer)

front 30

How many cell envelope layers are found in Gram-negative cells?

back 30

Five (1=cell membrane, 2-5= cell wall)
1) Cell membrane (thin inner layer)
2) Periplasmic space (space b/t 1+3+5)
3) Peptidoglycan layer(thin outer layer)
4) Periplasmic space (space b/t 1+3+5)
5) Outer cell membrane

front 31

What color are Gram-positive cells after a Gram stain?

back 31

Purple

front 32

What color are Gram-negative cells after a Gram stain?

back 32

Red

front 33

What is the list of the bacterial internal structures?.

back 33

Chromosomes
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasmids
Inclusions
Actin cytoskeleton
Endospores

front 34

What is the general description of Nucleoid?

back 34

where chromosomes are condensed

front 35

What is the general description of Ribosomes?

back 35

site of protein synthesis,(70S)

front 36

What is the general description of Plasmids?

back 36

extra genetic information

front 37

What is the general description of Inclusion?

back 37

storage structures

front 38

What is the general description of Actin cytoskeleton?

back 38

gives bacterial cell shape

front 39

What is the general description of Endospores

back 39

highly resistant structure for survival,
NOT reproduction

front 40

What is this bacteria

back 40

coccus

front 41

What is this bacteria

back 41

Rod/Bacillus

front 42

What is this bacteria

back 42

Vibrio

front 43

What is this bacteria

back 43

Spirillum
-Polar (outside) flagella; cells swim by rotating around like corckscrew, do not flex, have one to several flagella, can be in tufts (1-20 helical turns)

front 44

What is this bacteria

back 44

Spirochete
-Periplasmic flagella within sheath; cells flex; can swim by rotation or by creeping on surfaces; have 2 to 100 periplasmic flagella (3 to 70 helical turns)

front 45

What is this bacteria

back 45

Branching filaments

front 46

What is this bacteria

back 46

Pleomorphic(variation in shape and size within a
species(below)

front 47

What are some general characteristics of Archaea.

back 47

characterized by their ability to tolerate extremes in temperature and acidity; methane-producers and salt-lovers;

front 48

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

back 48

Endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose when a much larger procaryotic cell engulfed smaller procaryotic cells that began to live and reproduce inside the larger cell without being destroyed.

front 49

In which eukaryotic microorganisms are cell walls found?

back 49

in fungi and algae only

front 50

What are the forms and functions of the external structures of the eukaryotic cell.

back 50

Appendages for movement
– Cilia
– Flagella

front 51

What are the forms and functions of the internal structures of the eukaryotic cell.

back 51

Organelles
– Nucleus and nucleolus
– Endoplasmic reticulum
– Golgi complex
– Mitochondria and chloroplasts
– Ribosomes
– Cytoskeleton((microtubules(and(microfilaments)

front 52

What are structures shared by prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

back 52

Nucleic Acids, Cell membrane, Cytoplasms, and Ribosomes

front 53

Know the basic information about fungi

back 53

Morphology–2 forms YEAST (single cells) or MOLD (filamentous growth).
• Nutritional Mode/Distribution –(heterotrophic,(majority saprobic, a few are parasitic (but none are obligate) widespread
• Reproduction–primarily through spores, asexually or sexually
• Major Groups four main phyla based on sexual spore type
• Importance–essential decomposers

front 54

Know the basic information about algae

back 54

Morphology–unicellular, colonial, filamentous or larger forms such as seaweeds
• Nutritional Mode/Distribution–photosynthetic, freshwater and marine water habitats main component of plankton
• Importance–provide the basis of the food
web in most aquatic habitats

front 55

Know the basic information about protozoa,

back 55

• Morphology–most are unicellular, lack a cell wall, cytoplasm divided into ectoplas and endoplasm, many convert to a resistant
dormant stage called a cyst
• Nutritoonal Mode/Distribution–heterotrophic,free-living in moist habitats water, soil, feed by engulfing other organisms
• Reproduction–asexual mitosis, sexual conjugation of gametes
• Major Groups–four groups based on locomotion mode and type of reproduction
• Importance food webs and decomposing organic material

front 56

Know the basic information about helminthes.

back 56

Morphology–animal cells,multicellular, individual organs
• Reproduction – majority reproduce sexually,
sexes may be hermaphroditic
• Epidemiology – developing countries in the
tropics hardest hit with infections transmitted by
ingestion, vectors, and direct contact with
infectious stages, billions of humans affected

front 57

In what century were viruses finally directly studied?

back 57

the 20th century

front 58

What exactly are viruses?

back 58

Viruses are infectious particles. They are not cells and lack organelles, locomotion, are Complex molecules and Can be crystalline

front 59

What structures are found in an enveloped virus?

back 59

nucleic acid core, capsid and envelope/spikes

front 60

What structures are found in a naked virus?

back 60

nucleic acid core and capsid

front 61

How are viruses classified?

back 61

By DNA viruses and RNA viruses. These are further subdivided into families, depending on shape and size of capsid, presence or absence of envelope, nature of nucleic acid(single or double stranded),
antigenic similarities, and host cells.

front 62

What are the steps in animal virus multiplication.

back 62

1) Adsorption
2) Penetration
3) Uncoated
4) Synthesis
5) Assembly
6) Release

front 63

Describe Adsorption:

back 63

The virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors

front 64

Describe Penetration:

back 64

The virus is engulfed into a vesicle and its envelope is "uncoated"

front 65

Describe Uncoated:

back 65

freeing the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm

front 66

Describe Synthesis:

back 66

Replication and Protein Production under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses RNA molecule, capsomers, spikes.

front 67

Describe Assembly:

back 67

Viral Spikes proteins are insterted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers

front 68

Describe Release:

back 68

Enveloped viruses bud off of the membrane, carrying away envelop with the spike. This complete virus or virion is ready to infect another cell.

front 69

What are examples of persistent viral infections.

back 69

measles, herpes zoster, and herpes simplex

front 70

What is an oncogenic virus?

back 70

Viruses that alter host genetic material, and may cause cancer

front 71

What are the major differences between animal virus replication and bacterial virus replication?

back 71

Whole cell engulfed versus injection of DNA and Lysis versus budding

front 72

What is needed to grow a virus?

back 72

an intracellular environment. MUST HAVE CELLS!

front 73

What is the name of a viral “clear spot” on growth media?

back 73

Plaque

front 74

What are some examples of cytopathic effects (CPE).

back 74

Inclusion body, cells fusing together to make one giant cell, and multiple nuclei's in one giant cell.

front 75

What types of diseases are caused by prions?

back 75

Mad Cow Disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

front 76

What are satellite viruses?

back 76

Defective viruses that depend on other viruses for
replication

front 77

What is delta agent?

back 77

naked RNA needs hepatitis B virus and together they worsen the symptoms

front 78

What are viroids?

back 78

Naked RNA strands pathogenic to tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, citrus trees, and chysanthemums.