front 1 Which component of the blood is primarily involved in forming the initial phase of a blood clot during wound healing? Red blood cells Platelets White blood cells Plasma proteins | back 1 no data |
front 2 Which type of white blood cell is most abundant and acts as the first responder to bacterial infection? Lymphocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Monocytes | back 2 Neutrophils |
front 3 What role does melanin play in protecting the skin from ultraviolet radiation? Acts as a physical barrier by scattering and absorbing UV rays to decrease penetration Increases transepidermal water loss to cool the skin Produces antimicrobial peptides to defend against sun-induced pathogens Stimulates the production of sweat to enhance evaporation cooling | back 3 Acts as a physical barrier by scattering and absorbing UV rays to decrease penetration |
front 4 What is the average pH of the acid mantle of an adult’s skin? 5.5 0 to 4.5 7.1 to 14 7.0 | back 4 5.5 |
front 5 Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for producing new cells through mitosis? Stratum Lucidum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Germinativum Stratum Granulosum | back 5 Stratum Germinativum |
front 6 Attaches bone to bone Connects muscle to bone Provides a surface for bones to glide over Surround muscles to reduce friction | back 6 Connects muscle to bone |
front 7 What BEST describes the characteristics of healthy skeletal muscle? White and shiny in appearance Pearly white ribbon-like appearance Pink to dark red in color with striation Pale pink without striation | back 7 Pink to dark red in color with striation |
front 8 What is the primary composition of fascia? Adipose tissue Collagen Keratin Muscle tissue | back 8 Collagen |
front 9 What protein gives red blood cells the ability to transport oxygen? Fibroblasts Hemoglobin Macrophage Mast Cells | back 9 Hemoglobin |
front 10 What BEST describes the responsibilities of collagen and elastin in the skin? Transporting nutrients and waste products through the dermis Killing parasites and helping with allergic responses Protecting skin integrity and preventing water loss Providing tensile strength and recoil to the skin | back 10 Providing tensile strength and recoil to the skin |
front 11 What best describes what “Skin of Color” refers to? A specific skin type that is only found in tropical regions Skin that tans easily and rarely burns under sun exposure The broad range of skin types and complexions of individuals not of White descent Skin that is overly sensitive to ultraviolet radiation and prone to sunburn | back 11 The broad range of skin types and complexions of individuals not of White descent |
front 12 Which of the following best describes a systematic head-to-toe skin assessment? Examining only the areas around and under medical devices Inspecting and palpating the skin, focusing on bony prominences and skin folds Using only visual inspection to assess the skin Checking the patient’s clothing for signs of moisture | back 12 Inspecting and palpating the skin, focusing on bony prominences and skin folds |
front 13 What is the term used to describe a pocket of pus under the skin surrounded by inflamed tissue? Furuncle Abscess Carbuncle Blister | back 13 Abscess |
front 14 What are some of the key factors assessed by the Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST)? Level of physical activity Amount of sleep Unintentional weight loss Skin integrity | back 14 Unintentional weight loss |
front 15 Why should a skin turgor test be performed on the chest in older adults? The skin on the chest is more sensitive. The chest is less affected by loose skin. The chest has less exposure to sunlight. The chest is easier to access during an exam. | back 15 The chest is less affected by loose skin. |
front 16 Which laboratory test is most indicative of a patient's long-term blood glucose control and potential wound healing complications? Complete Blood Count (CBC) Serum Albumin Hemoglobin A1C Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | back 16 Hemoglobin A1C |
front 17 Which action best demonstrates a clinician addressing a patient’s health literacy in their wound care plan? Explaining wound care instructions in simple, non-medical language and using visual aids Providing a detailed medical pamphlet with technical terms for patient education Assuming the patient understands wound care instructions because they seem attentive Delivering only verbal instructions without offering written or visual materials | back 17 Explaining wound care instructions in simple, non-medical language and using visual aids |
front 18 Which end-stage foot complication in diabetic patients is often confused with infection due to similar symptoms such as swelling, warmth, and redness? Venous thromboembolism (VTE) Charcot neuroarthropathy Osteomyelitis Lymphedema | back 18 Venous thromboembolism (VTE) |
front 19 In the context of a patient with a diabetic foot ulcer, which laboratory value is highly suggestive of osteomyelitis when correlated with clinical findings and diagnostic imaging? ESR of 18 mm/hr or lower (below normal range) ESR of 20 to 30 mm/hr (within normal range for adults) Elevated ESR of 60 mm/hr Elevated ESR of 70 mm/hr or higher | back 19 Elevated ESR of 70 mm/hr or higher * Elevated ESR of 70 mm/hr or higher is the laboratory value highly suggestive of osteomyelitis when correlated with clinical findings and diagnostic imaging. common and widely utilized clinical guideline marker is an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) greater than \(70 \text{ mm/hr}\). When assessing for DFO, having an ESR value this elevated is highly predictive of bone infection, especially when combined with other strong diagnostic indicators like a positive "probe-to-bone" test or an ulcer larger than \(2 \text{ cm}^2\) |
front 20 When assessing the wound of a patient with a dark skin tone, what should you be particularly aware of? The need for additional cleansing Erythema may appear as purple or darker hues. Increased susceptibility to infection Different types of exudate can affect the assessment. | back 20 Erythema may appear as purple or darker hues. |
front 21 A patient with a diabetic foot ulcer has thick, yellow-green drainage with a foul odor. The wound bed appears inflamed and edematous. What type of exudate is present? Serous Purulent Seropurulent Serosanguineous | back 21 Purulent |
front 22 What is an example of addressing a patient’s economic status as part of the Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) in their wound care plan? Prescribing the most expensive wound dressing because it is the most advanced treatment option Discussing cost-effective alternatives with the patient and exploring financial assistance programs Assuming the patient can afford all prescribed treatments without asking about their financial situation Encouraging the patient to purchase all necessary supplies regardless of their financial constraints | back 22 Discussing cost-effective alternatives with the patient and exploring financial assistance programs |
front 23 A 78-year-old bedbound patient is being evaluated for a pressure injury on the sacrum. On assessment, the wound presents with a shallow open ulcer, a red-pink wound bed without slough, and no visible bone, tendon, or muscle. There is partial-thickness skin loss, and the surrounding skin is intact. How should this pressure injury be staged? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Unstageable | back 23 Stage 2 |
front 24 A 65-year-old patient presents with a linear cluster of fluid-filled blisters on their left flank, accompanied by sharp, prickly pain and flu-like symptoms. What type of lesion is most likely responsible for these symptoms? Contact Dermatitis Herpes Zoster Varicella-Zoster Pemphigus Vulgaris | back 24 Herpes Zoster |
front 25 A 58-year-old patient presents with severe pain in their left leg that is out of proportion to physical findings. The leg appears red, swollen, and warm to the touch. Fluid-filled blisters (bullae) are present, and the patient reports flu-like symptoms, including fever and chills. What is the most likely diagnosis? Cellulitis Necrotizing fasciitis Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Pyoderma Gangrenosum | back 25 Necrotizing fasciitis |
front 26 Which condition is characterized by itchy, blistered, and crusted plaques on the legs associated with venous insufficiency? Telangiectasia Stasis dermatitis Atrophie blanche Ecchymosis | back 26 Stasis dermatitis |
front 27 What characteristic distinguishes purpura from petechia and ecchymosis? Size of lesions Color of lesions Cause of lesions Locations of lesions | back 27 Size of lesions *Petechiae: Small, pinpoint spots less than 3 mm in diameter.
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front 28 A 6-year-old child presents to the clinic with a large, non-healing wound on their leg. The child appears visibly uncomfortable, and the parent mentions the child has difficulty sleeping due to pain. Which pain assessment tool is most appropriate for assessing the child’s pain level? Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Visual Analog Scale (VAS) FLACC Scale (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) | back 28 Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale |
front 29 A patient with necrotizing fasciitis has undergone surgical debridement and has an open wound with copious drainage. What is the BEST wound care approach to manage exudate while promoting granulation tissue? Apply a dry gauze dressing and change it daily. Use a negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) system with hypochlorous acid instillation. Pack the wound with saline-soaked gauze and change it every 8 hours. Pack the wound with hypochlorous acid soaked calcium alginate and change it every 12 hours. | back 29 Use a negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) system with hypochlorous acid instillation. |
front 30 Which of the following best describes microbial activity during the contamination stage of wound infection? Microorganisms are causing visible signs of infection. Microorganisms are present but not actively multiplying or causing harm. Microorganisms have invaded deeper tissues and caused systemic symptoms. Microorganisms form biofilms that adhere to the wound surface. | back 30 Microorganisms form biofilms that adhere to the wound surface. |
front 31 A patient with a venous leg ulcer has not shown measurable signs of improvement over the past 3 weeks. They deny pain, and no erythema, purulence, or fever is present. You reviewed wound culture results, which show moderate growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Which sign is typical of the colonization stage of wound infection? Increased microbial load without clinical signs Red streaks extending from the wound Increased microbial load with purulence and pain High fever, tachycardia and low blood pressure | back 31 High fever, tachycardia and low blood pressure |
front 32 How long after mechanical disruption of a biofilm are antimicrobial treatments most effective? Less than 24 hours 48 to 72 hours 24 to 48 hours More than 96 hours | back 32 Less than 24 hours |
front 33 Your patient has a stage 3 pressure injury on their sacrum. They have developed the following symptoms: High fever, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, new confusion, and decreased urinary output. The wound bed is dark grey and is producing moderate amounts of malodorous exudate. What group of symptoms are MOST characteristic of a systemic infection (sepsis)? High fever, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure Fever, bradycardia, and decreased urinary output New confusion, low blood pressure, and decreased urinary output Increased exudate, malodor, and necrosis | back 33 High fever, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure |
front 34 If clinical suspicion for osteomyelitis is high and radiographs are not confirmative, what IMAGING study is indicated NEXT? Ultrasound MRI Triple phase bone scan Tagged-WBC scan | back 34 MRI |
front 35 Necrotizing fasciitis | back 35 Often called "flesh-eating disease," is a rare but severe bacterial infection that destroys the tissue beneath the skin, including fat and the fascia (the tissue covering muscles). It is a medical emergency that spreads rapidly and can be fatal if not treated immediately. |
front 36 A normal or expected baseline range for healthy adults generally falls into these brackets: | back 36
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front 37 Why ESR is Measured | back 37 The ESR test is a non-specific marker used to detect and monitor the presence of systemic inflammation in your body. It measures how quickly red blood cells sink to the bottom of a specialized test tube. When inflammation is present, specific proteins in the blood cause red blood cells to stick together and fall more quickly, resulting in a higher ESR numbe |
front 38 What is a Marjolin ulcer? | back 38 Aggressive type of skin cancer that develops in areas of previously traumatized, chronically inflamed, or scarred skin. The most common precursor is an old thermal burn scar, though they can also arise from venous ulcers, pressure sores, and osteomyelitis (bone infection) |
front 39 Marjolin Key Characteristics | back 39 You should be highly suspicious of any chronic scar or non-healing wound that begins to change. Warning signs include: [1, 2, 3]
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front 40 Marjolin treatment | back 40
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front 41 Pyoderma gangrenosum? | back 41 A rare, non-infectious inflammatory skin disease characterized by rapidly developing, extremely painful skin ulcers. It is not caused by infection or gangrene, but by an overactive immune system where white blood cells (neutrophils) accumulate and cause the skin to break down |
front 42 Pyoderma gangrenosum appearance | back 42 Starts as a small, red bump or blister that quickly ruptures and enlarges into a deep, painful open sore. The ulcers typically feature a purplish, gunmetal-grey, or "rolled" border. Location: Most commonly appears on the legs, though it can occur anywhere on the body |
front 43 Pyoderma gangrenosum underlying cause | back 43
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