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  1. Print the notecards
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  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
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18 notecards = 5 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

LEX

front 1

Tuberculosis definition

back 1

Multisystemic chronic necrotising disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

front 2

Tuberculosis pathogenesis

back 2

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted via inhalation of droplet nuclei and reaches the alveoli, where it is phagocytosed by macrophages but survives intracellularly by inhibiting phagolysosome fusion. This triggers a cell-mediated immune response, leading to granuloma (tubercle) formation with caseous necrosis. The infection may then be contained as latent TB or progress to active disease if immune control fails.

front 3

TB infection control

back 3

1. Administrative

Find TB early
Diagnose early
Treat early

2. Environmental

Open windows
Ventilation
UV light

3. Personal Protection

N95 for staff
Surgical mask for patient

front 4

Administrative controls TB

back 4

  • Early identification of presumptive TB cases
  • Prompt diagnosis
  • Rapid initiation of treatment
  • Separation (isolation) of infectious patients
  • Screening of high-risk individuals
  • Health education on cough hygiene

front 5

Environmental controls TB

back 5

A. Adequate Ventilation

  • Open windows and doors
  • Natural ventilation
  • Cross-ventilation

B. Mechanical Ventilation

  • Fans and exhaust systems

C. Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI)

  • UV lights used in high-risk healthcare settings

front 6

Personal Protective Measures TB

back 6

For Healthcare Workers: N95 Respirators

  • Filter airborne particles
  • Used when caring for infectious TB patients

For Patients: Surgical Masks

  • Reduce spread of infectious droplets

front 7

Cough etiquette/respiratory hygiene TB

back 7

Patients should be advised to:

  • Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
  • Use tissues when available
  • Dispose of tissues properly
  • Wash hands regularly

front 8

Isolation of infectious patients TB

back 8

Patients with suspected or confirmed pulmonary TB may require:

  • Isolation rooms
  • Reduced contact with vulnerable individuals

Especially:

  • Children
  • HIV-positive patients
  • Immunocompromised individuals

front 9

Community-level infection control

back 9

Reduce Overcrowding

  • Improve housing conditions
  • Improve ventilation

Health Education

  • Encourage early presentation
  • Reduce stigma
  • Promote treatment adherence

front 10

TB Preventive Therapy(TPT)

back 10

TB preventive therapy is the administration of anti-tuberculosis medication to individuals at risk of developing active TB in order to prevent progression from latent infection to active disease. It is commonly given to household contacts, especially children under five years of age, and people living with HIV after active TB has been excluded.

front 11

Pyridoxine

back 11

Vitamin B6

front 12

TB Prevention

back 12

TB Prevention

Primary
BCG
Infection control
Health education

Secondary
Early diagnosis
Contact tracing
Screening
TB Preventive Therapy

Tertiary
Adherence
Prevent complications

Rehabilitation

front 13

What is a Ghon complex?

back 13

A Ghon focus (small subpleural granuloma in the lower/mid lung) + enlarged ipsilateral hilar/mediastinal lymph nodes. It is the hallmark of primary TB in a child or immunocompetent host.

front 14

What is a Ranke complex?

back 14

A healed, calcified Ghon complex seen years later on CXR. Shows a calcified lung nodule + calcified hilar lymph node. Indicates the patient was infected but contained the bacteria (now latent).

front 15

What is GeneXpert?

back 15

A rapid molecular test (NAAT) that detects M. tuberculosis DNA and Rifampicin (RIF) resistance (via rpoB gene mutation) directly from sputum within 2 hours. In Zambia, it is the frontline diagnostic test for all presumptive TB patients.

front 16

Define MDR-TB

back 16

Multi-Drug Resistant TB: Resistance to at least Isoniazid (INH) AND Rifampicin (RIF) – the two most powerful first-line anti-TB drugs.

front 17

Define XDR-TB

back 17

Extensively Drug-Resistant TB: MDR-TB PLUS resistance to any Fluoroquinolone (e.g., Levofloxacin) AND at least one of the second-line injectables (Amikacin, Kanamycin, or Capreomycin).

front 18

Outline treatment of drug-susceptible TB

back 18

1. Intensive phase (2 months)

RHZE daily

2. Continuation phase (6 months)

Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs) are used for adult TB.
Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) is mandatory for the entire course.