Modality

describes the manner in which information is transmitted and
received.

Speech is the most common modality of communication for humans.

(1) a sender ,

In to formulate and transmit a message

Formulation
Transmission

, (2) a receiver to
receive and comprehend the message,

receive and comprehend the message,

Reception
Comprehension

(3) a shared means of communicating

Shared means:
Speech
Sign
Writing
Gesture

Feedback is

information provided by the receiver to the sender

Linguistic feedback

speaking, such as saying, “I totally agree,” “I hear what you are saying,” or “Wait, I don’t get it.” It also includes vocalizing, such as saying “mmm‐hmm” or “uh‑oh.”

Nonlinguistic feedback, or extralinguistic feedback,

includes the use of eye contact, facial expression, posture, and proximity. This type of feedback may supplement linguistic feedback, or it may stand alone

Paralinguistic feedback

Includes the use of pitch, loudness, and pausing, all of which are superimposed on linguisticn feedback. These linguistic and nonlinguistic forms of feedback keep communication flowing and provide the speaker with valuable information concerning the receiver’s comprehension.

This is called a conversational repair. Minor
communication breakdowns happen in every conversation but are easily recognized and repaired if the receiver is sending ongoing feedback and the sender is closely monitoring that feedback

Instrumental communication:

used to ask for
something (“I would like the shrimp, please”)

Regulatory communication:

used to give directions
and to direct others (“You need to take a right here”)

Interactional communication:

used to interact and converse with others in a
social way (“What did you think of the game yesterday?”)

Personal communication:

used to express a state of mind or feelings about
something (“I am just furious about this!”)

Heuristic communication:

used to find out information and to inquire (“Do
you know when this dam was built?”)

Imaginative communication:

used to tell stories and to role‐play (“If I had a
million dollars, I would . . .”)

Informative communication:

used to provide an organized description of an
event or object (“What happened was, we got to the game, and then it began
to rain . . .”)

Effective communication

Effective communication occurs when
information is successfully shared between a sender and a receiver; there is no breakdown in formulation, transmission, reception, or comprehension. An effective communicator is one whose communications with others are effective most of the time. Effective communicators communicate through modalities shared by
people in their lives and communities, such as speaking and hearing, reading and writing, signing, or even texting. Effective communicators avoid communication breakdowns by responding to and giving feedback during conversations. They use communication for diverse purposes: to ask for things, to direct others, to interact with others in a social way, to express their own feelings, to find out information

Principle of quantity:

When we communicate, we need to give just the right
amount and type of information; we need to use clear vocabulary and we should not be redundant

2. Principle of quality:

When we communicate, we are expected to be accurate
and truthful.

Principle of relevance:

When we communicate, we are to maintain the topic at
hand and make contributions that relate to the topic.

Principle of manner:

When we communicate, we are to talk at the right
pace, taking pauses as needed but not longer than called for. We are to use appropriate loudness and pitch, and engage in eye contact as expected by cultural norms.

Speech

Is used for transmis

Hearing is used for reception

Is used for reception

Language

describes the cognitive process by which we formulate ideas
and thoughts. Once these ideas and thoughts have been formulated, we can communicate them orally to others through speech. We can also choose to keep these ideas
and thoughts to ourselves (inner language) or to write them down (written language)

speech

describes the neuromuscular process by which we turn lan-
guage into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air (or other medium, like a telephone connection) to a receiver. Speech involves using voice and articulators (e.g., tongue, lips, palate) to make the sounds that produce words and sentences

FORMULATION

Put thoughts and ideas into words to share
with others.

TRANSMISSION

Fluently express thoughts and ideas to others

RECEPTION

Receive the communication sent by another
person.

COMPREHENSION

Interpret the communication sent by another
person

Language

is a socially shared code that
uses a conventional system of arbitrary symbols, includ-
ing words and sounds, to represent ideas about the
world to others. The key elements of this definition are
described below

Language is socially shared

A community of speak-
ers shares the same system for communicating their
ideas. For example, everyone reading this text shares the
English language as a means for communicating ideas
about communication sciences and disorders.

Language is a code:

Ideas about the world are com-
municated using a set of symbols. The symbols used in
language are words, which are made up of sounds that
are combined in various ways. The code for what you are holding in your hand right now involves three sounds—b + oo + k—blended together to form a word (book). Those of us who speak English and therefore know this particular code are
a linguistic community. The word itself (in this case, book) is completely arbitrary; the thing in your hand could just as well be called a trift, formed by blending five

Language is a conventional system:

Language follows specific, systematic conventions; it is a rule‐governed code. Strict rules govern the way a linguistic community organizes words into sentences and the way sounds are combined to make words. The rules of English constrain English speakers from saying things like Sat
cat the the on hat, He drankeding the milk, and Thit rinches shug gfmiiikn nink. When someone in our linguistic community violates the community’s linguistic rules, we tend to be aware of it. For instance, if a doctor said to you, “Need prescription store go,” you would be aware that some linguistic rules were being violated. If a young
child said, “He goed to the store,” you would also probably recognize that a rule was being violated, but you would be more accepting, knowing that the child was still learning the rules of language and would shortly figure out that the past tense
of go is went

Language is a representational tool:

Language allows us to represent our thoughts and ideas to others. Language is a tool for communication, and the only reason
humans evolved language was to communicate with one another. In addition to allowing us to represent our ideas, language enables our brains to store information and to carry out many cognitive processes, such as reasoning, hypothesizing, and planning (Bickerton, 1995). Although the relationship between thought and language continues to spur controversy (Can we think without using language?),
we do know that much of human thought uses the code of language