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Summer Immuno Lecture 6

front 1 A viral infection activates cytotoxic T cells, and a bacterial infection activates helper T cells. Once these T cells begin performing their immune functions, what are they called? A. Memory cells B. Anergic cells C. Effector cells D. Naive cells	back 1 C. Effector cells
front 2 A helper T-cell clone produces IL-4 and IL-5 but not IFN-gamma or IL-17. What best explains this finding? A. Subset-restricted cytokine programs B. Uniform cytokine secretion C. Antibody class deletion D. TCR chain editing	back 2 A. Subset-restricted cytokine programs
front 3 Effector helper T cells are classically divided into which three major cytokine-producing groups? A. Treg, Th0, NKT B. CTL, NK, Th0 C. Th1, Treg, Th2 D. Th1, Th2, Th17	back 3 D. Th1, Th2, Th17
front 4 A cell samples microbial products, reads local cytokine signals, and determines how helper T cells should respond. Which cell is being described? A. Basophil B. Dendritic cell C. Eosinophil D. Plasma cell	back 4 B. Dendritic cell

front 5 A dendritic cell detects both microbial motifs and local soluble immune signals. Which two input systems is it integrating? A. MHC and TCRs B. Fc and complement receptors C. PRRs and cytokine receptors D. BCRs and integrins	back 5 C. PRRs and cytokine receptors
front 6 Skin cells near an infection release a characteristic mixture of signals that helps dendritic cells identify the attack location. What are these signals? A. Cytokines B. Antibodies C. Selectins D. Defensins	back 6 A. Cytokines
front 7 An activated dendritic cell instructs a helper T cell how to respond. Which output best conveys this plan? A. Antibody and complement B. Histamine and leukotrienes C. Perforin and granzyme D. Co-stimulation and cytokines	back 7 D. Co-stimulation and cytokines
front 8 A dendritic cell leaves infected intestinal tissue and primes a helper T cell. Its instructions mainly reflect what prior information? A. T-cell receptor affinity B. Local tissue immune signals C. Bone marrow stromal signals D. Plasma antibody concentration	back 8 B. Local tissue immune signals

front 9 A patient with gram-negative sepsis has macrophage activation after recognition of LPS. Which receptor is most directly involved? A. TLR4 B. TLR2 C. TLR3 D. TLR9	back 9 A. TLR4
front 10 A dendritic cell detects molecules from gram-positive bacteria. Which Toll-like receptor is classically involved? A. TLR9 B. TLR3 C. TLR4 D. TLR2	back 10 D. TLR2
front 11 During a viral infection, dendritic cells detect double-stranded RNA produced during replication. Which receptor recognizes it? A. TLR4 B. TLR3 C. TLR2 D. TLR9	back 11 B. TLR3
front 12 A dendritic cell detects unmethylated CpG DNA during infection. Which receptor is most associated with this pattern? A. TLR2 B. TLR4 C. TLR9 D. TLR3	back 12 C. TLR9

front 13 Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are detected by innate immune cells. This pattern most strongly suggests which source? A. Bacterial DNA B. Viral envelope C. Fungal capsule D. Helminth cuticle	back 13 A. Bacterial DNA
front 14 A dendritic cell presents antigen plus IL-12 to a virgin helper T cell. Which helper subset is most likely induced? A. Th17 B. Th2 C. Th0 D. Th1	back 14 D. Th1
front 15 Which cytokine trio best matches the classical Th1 profile? A. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 B. TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-2 C. IL-17, IL-21, IL-23 D. TGF-beta, IL-6, IL-23	back 15 B. TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-2
front 16 A Th1 response helps activate macrophages and natural killer cells early in infection. Which cytokine performs this function? A. IL-2 B. IFN-gamma C. TNF D. IL-4	back 16 C. TNF

front 17 A macrophage has already been activated during intracellular infection. Which Th1 cytokine helps keep it activated? A. IFN-gamma B. IL-5 C. IL-13 D. IL-21	back 17 A. IFN-gamma
front 18 A patient needs B-cell class switching toward human IgG3 during a Th1 response. Which cytokine provides this influence? A. IL-23 B. IL-4 C. TNF D. IFN-gamma	back 18 D. IFN-gamma
front 19 A cytokine keeps NK cells “charged up” and promotes proliferation of CTLs, NK cells, and Th1 cells. Which cytokine is this? A. IL-17 B. IL-13 C. IL-2 D. IL-10	back 19 C. IL-2
front 20 Tissue invasion by a parasite causes activated dendritic cells to polarize helper T cells toward which cytokine subset? A. Th17 B. Th2 C. Th1 D. Th0	back 20 B. Th2

front 21 Which cytokine trio best matches the Th2 subset? A. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 B. TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-2 C. IL-17, IL-21, IL-23 D. IL-12, TGF-beta, IL-6	back 21 A. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
front 22 A Th2 cytokine acts as a growth factor for helper T cells already secreting Th2 cytokines. Which cytokine is it? A. IL-5 B. IL-13 C. IL-21 D. IL-4	back 22 D. IL-4
front 23 A helminth-associated immune response promotes B-cell class switching toward IgE. Which cytokine most directly supports this? A. IL-2 B. IL-4 C. IL-17 D. IFN-gamma	back 23 B. IL-4
front 24 A mucosal immune response encourages B cells to produce IgA antibodies. Which Th2 cytokine is responsible? A. IL-13 B. IL-21 C. IL-5 D. TNF	back 24 C. IL-5

front 25 During intestinal parasite defense, goblet-cell mucus production increases. Which cytokine best explains this effect? A. IL-17 B. IL-23 C. IFN-gamma D. IL-13	back 25 D. IL-13
front 26 Fungi attack a mucosal barrier. Activated dendritic cells produce TGF-beta plus IL-6. Which helper subset is favored? A. Th17 B. Th1 C. Th2 D. Th0	back 26 A. Th17
front 27 Extracellular bacteria attack mucosal tissue. Dendritic cells produce TGF-beta and IL-23. Which helper program is promoted? A. Th2 B. Th1 C. Th17 D. Treg	back 27 C. Th17
front 28 Which cytokine set best matches the Th17 subset in this material? A. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 B. IL-17, IL-21, IL-23 C. TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-2 D. IL-10, TGF-beta, IL-12	back 28 B. IL-17, IL-21, IL-23

front 29 A growth factor expands helper T cells producing the Th17 cytokine subset. Which cytokine is this? A. IL-23 B. IL-21 C. TNF D. IFN-gamma	back 29 A. IL-23
front 30 A mucosal fungal infection triggers recruitment of massive numbers of neutrophils. Which cytokine is most responsible? A. IL-5 B. IL-4 C. IL-21 D. IL-17	back 30 D. IL-17
front 31 B cells guarding mucosal surfaces begin producing IgG3 and IgA. Which Th17 cytokine caused this shift? A. IL-6 B. IL-12 C. IL-21 D. IL-4	back 31 C. IL-21
front 32 A dendritic cell tells a helper T cell where to migrate but gives no clear effector instructions. What subset results? A. Th1 B. Th0 C. Th2 D. Th17	back 32 B. Th0

front 33 A helper T cell retains the ability to produce a broad range of cytokines after incomplete dendritic-cell instruction. What is this called? A. Th2 polarization B. Th1 commitment C. Th17 maturation D. Th0 subset	back 33 D. Th0 subset
front 34 A Th0 cell reaches infected tissue and encounters cytokines specific to that site. What happens next? A. It adopts a relevant subset B. It becomes permanently anergic C. It deletes its TCR D. It stops cytokine secretion	back 34 A. It adopts a relevant subset
front 35 A researcher finds helper T cells that do not fit neatly into Th1, Th2, or Th17 categories. What is the best interpretation? A. All T cells are mislabeled B. Only CTLs make cytokines C. The paradigm has exceptions D. Dendritic cells lack cytokines	back 35 C. The paradigm has exceptions
front 36 A dendritic cell’s plan for helper T-cell activation is based on co-stimulatory and cytokine signals received from inflamed tissue. What does this emphasize? A. Random T-cell polarization B. Context-dependent immune planning C. Antibody-independent class switching D. Cytokine-free T-cell activation	back 36 B. Context-dependent immune planning

front 37 A Th1-polarized response becomes dominant during infection. Which cytokine helps suppress proliferation of competing Th2 cells? A. IL-10 B. IFN-gamma C. IL-5 D. IL-13	back 37 B. IFN-gamma
front 38 A Th2 response is limiting excessive Th1 expansion. Which cytokine most directly mediates this inhibition? A. IFN-gamma B. IL-2 C. IL-17 D. IL-10	back 38 D. IL-10
front 39 A patient mounts a strong Th1 response against an intracellular pathogen. Which competing helper subset is directly suppressed by IFN-gamma? A. Th2 B. Th17 C. Th0 D. Treg	back 39 A. Th2
front 40 A patient with helminth infection develops a strong Th2 response. IL-10 from these cells decreases proliferation of which subset? A. Th0 B. Th17 C. Th1 D. CTL	back 40 C. Th1

front 41 Why do Th helper subsets inhibit one another? A. To increase antibody diversity B. To prevent competing activation C. To destroy infected cells D. To increase cytokine range	back 41 B. To prevent competing activation
front 42 What is a cytokine property? A. Limited local range B. Permanent receptor binding C. Systemic endocrine spread D. Antigen-specific recognition	back 42 A. Limited local range
front 43 A student assumes cytokines behave mainly like hormones traveling throughout the body. Which correction is best? A. They mostly enter lymphatics B. They mostly activate platelets C. They mostly bind antibodies D. They mostly act locally	back 43 D. They mostly act locally
front 44 A patient receives intradermal tuberculin and returns days later for evaluation. What immune phenomenon is being tested? A. Type I hypersensitivity B. Immune-complex disease C. Delayed-type hypersensitivity D. Complement-mediated lysis	back 44 C. Delayed-type hypersensitivity

front 45 The tuberculosis skin test requires waiting several days after tuberculin injection. This delay best reflects which process? A. T cell-mediated inflammation B. Immediate mast-cell degranulation C. IgE-mediated wheal formation D. Direct bacterial toxin injury	back 45 A. T cell-mediated inflammation
front 46 A cytotoxic T lymphocyte kills a virus-infected epithelial cell by delivering enzymes into the target cell. Which pair is most involved? A. FasL and IL-10 B. Perforin and granzyme B C. IFN-gamma and IL-4 D. IL-17 and IL-23	back 46 B. Perforin and granzyme B
front 47 A CTL releases a molecule that disrupts the target cell membrane, allowing entry of apoptotic enzymes. Which molecule does this? A. Granzyme B B. IFN-gamma C. IL-10 D. Perforin	back 47 D. Perforin
front 48 A CTL delivers an enzyme into an infected target cell, triggering apoptosis. Which molecule is responsible? A. Perforin B. FasL C. Granzyme B D. IL-2	back 48 C. Granzyme B

front 49 A cytotoxic T cell uses a death-receptor pathway instead of granule exocytosis. Which molecule on the CTL is responsible? A. Fas ligand B. Granzyme B C. IFN-gamma D. IL-17	back 49 A. Fas ligand
front 50 Fas ligand on a CTL triggers apoptosis by binding which target-cell structure? A. Class I MHC B. TLR4 C. CD28 D. Fas receptor	back 50 D. Fas receptor
front 51 A CTL secretes IFN-gamma near infected cells. What is the main local effect? A. Decrease class II MHC B. Increase class I MHC C. Suppress Fas expression D. Block granzyme uptake	back 51 B. Increase class I MHC
front 52 Why does CTL-derived IFN-gamma help future CTL recognition? A. It increases IgE switching B. It recruits eosinophils locally C. It raises MHC I expression D. It suppresses viral apoptosis	back 52 C. It raises MHC I expression

front 53 A virus-infected cell is killed by apoptosis rather than necrosis. Why is apoptosis safer locally? A. Less surrounding tissue damage B. More enzyme leakage occurs C. More complement activation occurs D. Greater neutrophil rupture occurs	back 53 A. Less surrounding tissue damage
front 54 Necrosis of an infected cell can worsen nearby injury because it releases which contents? A. Antibodies and cytokines B. MHC and TCRs C. Enzymes and chemicals D. Perforin and FasL	back 54 C. Enzymes and chemicals
front 55 A CTL induces apoptosis in a virus-infected cell before viral assembly is complete. What benefit does this provide? A. Preserves viral RNA B. Destroys viral nucleic acids C. Blocks MHC I expression D. Activates bacterial CpG DNA	back 55 B. Destroys viral nucleic acids
front 56 Why is apoptosis especially useful in virus-infected cells? A. It causes tissue swelling B. It releases lysosomal enzymes C. It promotes immediate necrosis D. It destroys viral DNA/RNA	back 56 D. It destroys viral DNA/RNA

front 57 A cytotoxic T cell uses three major weapons against infected host cells. Which set is most complete? A. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 B. TLR2, TLR3, TLR9 C. Perforin, FasL, IFN-gamma D. IgA, IgE, IgG3	back 57 C. Perforin, FasL, IFN-gamma
front 58 A patient has a positive tuberculosis skin test. Which statement best describes the test? A. Tuberculin causes immediate IgE release B. Tuberculin triggers delayed hypersensitivity C. Tuberculin directly lyses macrophages D. Tuberculin detects serum antibodies	back 58 B. Tuberculin triggers delayed hypersensitivity