front 1 A patient with mountain sickness is treated with acetazolamide. Which nephron segment contains the main target of this drug? A) Collecting tubule B) Proximal tubule C) Thick ascending limb D) Distal convoluted tubule | back 1 B. Proximal tubule |
front 2 Acetazolamide directly inhibits which enzyme in the proximal tubule? A) Carbonic anhydrase B) SGLT2 C) Aldosterone synthase D) Na/K ATPase | back 2 A. Carbonic anhydrase |
front 3 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause urinary loss of which major buffer? A) Potassium B) Glucose C) Bicarbonate D) Calcium | back 3 C. Bicarbonate |
front 4 A patient taking acetazolamide develops metabolic acidosis. Which mechanism best explains this? A) Increased glucose excretion B) Bicarbonate loss in urine C) Aldosterone receptor blockade D) ADH receptor blockade | back 4 B. Bicarbonate loss in urine |
front 5 When acetazolamide causes bicarbonate loss, which substances follow into the urine? A) Sodium and water B) Calcium and protein C) Potassium and urea D) Glucose and chloride | back 5 A. Sodium and water |
front 6 Acetazolamide produces which overall diuretic strength in the notes? A) Strong diuresis B) No diuresis C) Mild diuresis D) Maximal diuresis | back 6 C. Mild diuresis |
front 7 Which side effect is associated with acetazolamide? A) Hyperglycemia B) Metabolic acidosis C) Gynecomastia D) Genital yeast infection | back 7 B. Metabolic acidosis |
front 8 A patient taking acetazolamide develops low potassium. Which side effect is this? A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypokalemia C) Hyponatremia D) Hypercalcemia | back 8 B. Hypokalemia |
front 9 Which side effect can occur with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors due to urinary changes? A) Kidney stones B) Ototoxicity C) Hyperlipidemia D) Volume overload | back 9 A. Kidney stones |
front 10 A patient on acetazolamide reports tingling sensations. Which side effect best fits? A) Gout B) Paresthesias C) Hypotension D) Gynecomastia | back 10 B. Paresthesias |
front 11 A drug inhibits carbonic anhydrase and causes bicarbonate wasting. Which drug is it? A) Acetazolamide B) Furosemide C) Chlorthalidone D) Tolvaptan | back 11 A. Acetazolamide |
front 12 Which drug class includes canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin? A) Loop diuretics B) SGLT2 inhibitors C) Thiazide diuretics D) ADH antagonists | back 12 B. SGLT2 inhibitors |
front 13 Which name clue helps identify canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin? A) “th” clue B) “-one” ending C) “flozin” suffix D) “-vaptan” ending | back 13 C. “flozin” suffix |
front 14 SGLT2 inhibitors act primarily in which nephron segment? A) Proximal tubule B) Collecting tubule C) Distal convoluted tubule D) Thick ascending limb | back 14 A. Proximal tubule |
front 15 Blocking SGLT2 decreases reabsorption of which substances? A) Calcium and chloride B) Sodium and glucose C) Potassium and hydrogen D) Bicarbonate and protein | back 15 B. Sodium and glucose |
front 16 SGLT2 inhibitors cause glucose and sodium to leave in urine, so what follows? A) Water B) Aldosterone C) Calcium D) ADH | back 16 A. Water |
front 17 Which clinical effect follows SGLT2 inhibition in the proximal tubule? A) Severe potassium wasting B) Mild diuresis C) Increased preload D) Increased blood pressure | back 17 B. Mild diuresis |
front 18 Why can SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood pressure mildly? A) They retain sodium B) They increase ADH C) They promote water loss D) They block calcium channels | back 18 C. They promote water loss |
front 19 Which side effect is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors? A) Urinary tract infections B) Ototoxicity C) Lupus-like syndrome D) Metabolic alkalosis | back 19 A. Urinary tract infections |
front 20 A patient taking dapagliflozin develops vulvovaginal candidiasis. Which side effect category fits? A) Genital yeast infection B) Carbonic acidosis C) Sulfonamide allergy D) Tendon rupture | back 20 A. Genital yeast infection |
front 21 A patient taking empagliflozin becomes dehydrated from excess urinary losses. Which side effect best fits? A) Bone marrow suppression B) Volume depletion C) AV block D) Ototoxicity | back 21 B. Volume depletion |
front 22 Why are SGLT2 inhibitor side effects often related to urine? A) Glucose appears in urine B) Calcium enters tubules C) ADH rises sharply D) Bile acids are trapped | back 22 A. Glucose appears in urine |
front 23 Which side effect set best matches SGLT2 inhibitors? A) Gout, ototoxicity, alkalosis B) UTIs, yeast infections, volume depletion C) Acidosis, stones, paresthesias D) Gynecomastia, hyperkalemia, remodeling | back 23 B. UTIs, yeast infections, volume depletion |
front 24 Which drug class includes furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, and ethacrynic acid? A) Thiazide diuretics B) SGLT2 inhibitors C) Loop diuretics D) ENaC blockers | back 24 C. Loop diuretics |
front 25 Most listed loop diuretics have which rough name clue? A) “-vaptan” ending B) “th” in name C) “-one” ending D) “ides” sound | back 25 D. “ides” sound |
front 26 Loop diuretics block which transporter? A) Na/K/2Cl transporter B) Na/Cl transporter C) SGLT2 D) ENaC | back 26 A. Na/K/2Cl transporter |
front 27 Loop diuretics act in which nephron segment? A) Distal convoluted tubule B) Thick ascending limb C) Collecting tubule D) Proximal tubule | back 27 B. Thick ascending limb |
front 28 A patient receives furosemide for pulmonary edema. What is the major renal effect? A) Mild glucose wasting B) Strong salt and water loss C) Bicarbonate retention D) Pure water retention | back 28 B. Strong salt and water loss |
front 29 Loop diuretics decrease edema by causing urinary loss of what? A) Salt and water B) LDL and bile acids C) Glucose only D) ADH only | back 29 A. Salt and water |
front 30 Which listed loop diuretic is not a sulfonamide? A) Furosemide B) Bumetanide C) Torsemide D) Ethacrynic acid | back 30 D. Ethacrynic acid |
front 31 Which side effect is highly associated with loop diuretics? A) Gynecomastia B) Ototoxicity C) Genital yeast infection D) Paresthesias | back 31 B. Ototoxicity |
front 32 Loop diuretics can increase uric acid and cause which condition? A) Diabetes B) Gout C) Yeast infection D) Constipation | back 32 B. Gout |
front 33 Which drug is a loop diuretic that can be useful with sulfa allergy? A) Ethacrynic acid B) Dapagliflozin C) Triamterene D) Conivaptan | back 33 A. Ethacrynic acid |
front 34 A patient has edema and needs a strong diuretic effect. Which class best fits? A) ENaC blockers B) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors C) Loop diuretics D) ADH antagonists | back 34 C. Loop diuretics |
front 35 Which class includes hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone A) Loop diuretics B) Thiazide diuretics C) Osmotic diuretics D) SGLT2 inhibitors | back 35 B. Thiazide diuretics |
front 36 Which name clue helps identify hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone? A) “flozin” suffix B) “-one” ending C) “-vaptan” ending D) “th” in both | back 36 D. “th” in both |
front 37 Thiazide diuretics act in which nephron segment? A) Distal convoluted tubule B) Proximal tubule C) Thick ascending limb D) Collecting tubule | back 37 A. Distal convoluted tubule |
front 38 Hydrochlorothiazide directly blocks which transporter? A) SGLT2 B) Na/K/2Cl transporter C) Na/Cl transporter D) ENaC | back 38 C. Na/Cl transporter |
front 39 Thiazides lower blood pressure mainly by causing loss of what? A) Salt and water B) Calcium and protein C) Glucose only D) ADH only | back 39 A. Salt and water |
front 40 A patient taking chlorthalidone has less blood volume. Which effect caused this? A) Increased water intake B) Salt and water diuresis C) Pure water retention D) Aldosterone release | back 40 B. Salt and water diuresis |
front 41 Which side effect is associated with thiazide diuretics? A) Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis B) Metabolic acidosis C) Methemoglobinemia D) Cyanide toxicity | back 41 A. Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis |
front 42 Thiazides can cause increased uric acid, leading to which condition? A) Asthma B) Gout C) Arrhythmia D) Toxoplasmosis | back 42 B. Gout |
front 43 Which metabolic abnormality is associated with thiazides? A) Hypoglycemia B) Hyperglycemia C) Low LDL D) Low triglycerides | back 43 B. Hyperglycemia |
front 44 Thiazide diuretics can increase which blood lipid issue? A) Hyperlipidemia B) Hypolipidemia C) Low VLDL D) Low LDL | back 44 A. Hyperlipidemia |
front 45 Which sodium abnormality is associated with thiazides? A) Hypernatremia B) Hyponatremia C) Sodium excess only D) No sodium change | back 45 B. Hyponatremia |
front 46 Which allergy concern is listed for thiazide diuretics? A) Penicillin allergy B) Sulfonamide allergy C) Latex allergy D) Nickel allergy | back 46 B. Sulfonamide allergy |
front 47 Which side effect set best matches thiazide diuretics? A) UTIs, yeast infections, depletion B) Acidosis, paresthesias, stones C) Hypokalemic alkalosis, gout, hyperglycemia D) Gynecomastia, hyperkalemia, remodeling | back 47 C. Hypokalemic alkalosis, gout, hyperglycemia |
front 48 Spironolactone and eplerenone belong to which diuretic group? A) Loop diuretics B) Thiazides C) Aldosterone-blocking potassium-sparing diuretics D) Osmotic diuretics | back 48 C. Aldosterone-blocking potassium-sparing diuretics |
front 49 Which name clue helps identify spironolactone and eplerenone? A) “-one” ending B) “flozin” suffix C) “th” in name D) “-vaptan” ending | back 49 A. “-one” ending |
front 50 Spironolactone and eplerenone act in which nephron region? A) Proximal tubule B) Collecting tubule C) Thick ascending limb D) Distal convoluted tubule | back 50 B. Collecting tubule |
front 51 Aldosterone-blocking diuretics directly block which receptor? A) Beta receptor B) ADH receptor C) Aldosterone receptor D) Dopamine receptor | back 51 C. Aldosterone receptor |
front 52 Blocking aldosterone receptors causes urinary loss of what? A) Sodium and water B) Potassium only C) Glucose and sodium D) Bicarbonate only | back 52 A. Sodium and water |
front 53 Aldosterone antagonists can help heart failure by decreasing which harmful process? A) Aldosterone remodeling B) Glucose excretion C) Bicarbonate loss D) Ototoxicity | back 53 A. Aldosterone remodeling |
front 54 Which side effect is especially associated with spironolactone A) Ototoxicity B) Gynecomastia C) Genital yeast infection D) Hypokalemia | back 54 B. Gynecomastia |
front 55 Which side effect is shared by aldosterone blockers and ENaC blockers? A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypokalemia C) Ototoxicity D) Hyperglycemia | back 55 A. Hyperkalemia |
front 56 Amiloride and triamterene belong to which potassium-sparing subgroup? A) Aldosterone receptor blockers B) ENaC blockers C) Loop diuretics D) Osmotic diuretics | back 56 B. ENaC blockers |
front 57 Amiloride and triamterene act in which nephron region? A) Proximal tubule B) Thick ascending limb C) Collecting tubule D) Distal convoluted tubule | back 57 C. Collecting tubule |
front 58 Amiloride and triamterene directly block which channel? A) ENaC B) SGLT2 C) Na/K/2Cl D) V2 receptor | back 58 A. ENaC |
front 59 ENaC blockers decrease reabsorption of which ion? A) Potassium B) Sodium C) Bicarbonate D) Calcium | back 59 B. Sodium |
front 60 When ENaC blockers decrease sodium reabsorption, what happens to potassium secretion? A) It increases strongly B) It stops permanently C) It decreases D) It becomes unrelated | back 60 C. It decreases |
front 61 Amiloride causes urinary loss of sodium and water while retaining what? A) Potassium B) Glucose C) Bicarbonate D) Calcium | back 61 A. Potassium |
front 62 Which side effect is most associated with amiloride and triamterene? A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypokalemia C) Ototoxicity D) Hyperglycemia | back 62 A. Hyperkalemia |
front 63 Mannitol belongs to which diuretic class? A) Osmotic diuretic B) Loop diuretic C) Thiazide diuretic D) ADH antagonist | back 63 A. Osmotic diuretic |
front 64 Mannitol causes diuresis because it stays where? A) Blood only B) Tubule C) Liver D) Collecting interstitium | back 64 B. Tubule |
front 65 How does mannitol increase urine output? A) Pulls water into urine B) Blocks aldosterone receptors C) Blocks SGLT2 transport D) Blocks Na/Cl transport | back 65 A. Pulls water into urine |
front 66 Which effect best matches mannitol? A) Excretes lots of water B) Retains lots of sodium C) Keeps water in blood only D) Blocks potassium secretion | back 66 A. Excretes lots of water |
front 67 Which clinical use matches mannitol? A) Increased intracranial pressure B) High LDL C) Atrial fibrillation D) Toxoplasmosis | back 67 A. Increased intracranial pressure |
front 68 Mannitol can also be used for increased pressure in which organ? A) Eye B) Kidney C) Pancreas D) Liver | back 68 A. Eye |
front 69 Which drug class includes conivaptan and tolvaptan? A) Vasopressin/ADH antagonists B) SGLT2 inhibitors C) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors D) Thiazide diuretics | back 69 A. Vasopressin/ADH antagonists |
front 70 Which name clue helps identify conivaptan and tolvaptan? A) “flozin” suffix B) “-vaptan” ending C) “th” in name D) “-one” ending | back 70 B. “-vaptan” ending |
front 71 Tolvaptan specifically blocks which receptor subtype? A) V1 receptor B) V2 receptor C) Beta-1 receptor D) Alpha-2 receptor | back 71 B. V2 receptor |
front 72 ADH normally causes the kidney to do what? A) Keep water B) Lose glucose C) Lose bicarbonate D) Keep uric acid | back 72 A. Keep water |
front 73 Blocking ADH receptors causes what urinary effect? A) More water excretion B) More potassium secretion only C) More bicarbonate retention D) More glucose reabsorption | back 73 A. More water excretion |
front 74 A patient receives tolvaptan and urinates more free water. Which mechanism explains this? A) Blocks V2 receptors B) Blocks Na/K/2Cl C) Blocks Na/Cl D) Blocks ENaC | back 74 A. Blocks V2 receptors |
front 75 Which drug is a vasopressin antagonist? A) Conivaptan B) Empagliflozin C) Eplerenone D) Acetazolamide | back 75 A. Conivaptan |
front 76 Which drug is a vasopressin antagonist? A) Tolvaptan B) Torsemide C) Triamterene D) Chlorthalidone | back 76 A. Tolvaptan |
front 77 Which diuretic class acts in the proximal tubule by blocking glucose and sodium reabsorption? A) SGLT2 inhibitors B) Loop diuretics C) Aldosterone blockers D) Osmotic diuretics | back 77 A. SGLT2 inhibitors |
front 78 Which diuretic class acts in the distal convoluted tubule? A) Thiazides B) SGLT2 inhibitors C) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors D) Osmotic diuretics | back 78 A. Thiazides |
front 79 Which two drug groups act in the collecting tubule? A) Aldosterone blockers and ENaC blockers B) Loops and thiazides C) SGLT2 inhibitors and CA inhibitors D) Osmotic agents and loops | back 79 A. Aldosterone blockers and ENaC blockers |
front 80 Which diuretic class is most associated with genital yeast infections? A) SGLT2 inhibitors B) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors C) Loop diuretics D) Thiazides | back 80 A. SGLT2 inhibitors |
front 81 Which diuretic class is most associated with hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis? A) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors B) Thiazides C) ENaC blockers D) ADH antagonists | back 81 B. Thiazides |
front 82 Which diuretic class is most associated with metabolic acidosis? A) Acetazolamide class B) Loop diuretics C) Thiazides D) Aldosterone blockers | back 82 A. Acetazolamide class |
front 83 Which diuretic class keeps potassium by blocking aldosterone signaling? A) Aldosterone blockers B) SGLT2 inhibitors C) Loop diuretics D) Thiazides | back 83 A. Aldosterone blockers |
front 84 Which diuretic class keeps potassium by blocking epithelial sodium channels? A) ENaC blockers B) ADH antagonists C) Osmotic diuretics D) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | back 84 A. ENaC blockers |
front 85 He has marked peripheral edema and metabolic alkalosis (pH, 7.50;
pCO2, 45; HCO3, 36; Na+, 140). Which of the following | back 85 (A) Acetazolamide |
front 86 A 50-year-old man has a history of frequent episodes of renal
| back 86 (A) Chlorthalidone The thiazides are useful in the prevention of calcium stones
|
front 87 Which of the following is an important effect of chronic
| back 87 (D) Metabolic alkalosis |
front 88 Which of the following diuretics would be most useful in the
| back 88 (E) Mannitol |
front 89 Which of the following therapies would be | back 89 (B) Furosemide plus saline infusion Diuretic therapy of hypercalcemia requires a reduction in
|
front 90 A 60-year-old patient complains of paresthesias and occasional nausea
associated with one of the drugs she is taking. | back 90 (A) Acetazolamide for glaucoma Paresthesias and gastrointestinal distress are common adverse
|
front 91 A graduate student is planning to make a high-altitude climb | back 91 (A) Acetazolamide |
front 92 A 58-year-old woman with lung cancer has abnormally low | back 92 (J) Tolvaptan |