front 1 What is the most common type of human infection? | back 1 Upper respiratory infections. |
front 2 What prevents microorganisms from reaching the lungs? | back 2 The ciliary escalator. |
front 3 What antibody is found in respiratory mucus? | back 3 IgA. |
front 4 Why don’t normal throat microbiota cause disease? | back 4 Competition with predominant microbes. |
front 5 Why is the lower respiratory system usually sterile? | back 5 Ciliary escalator action. |
front 6 Streptococcal Pharyngitis What organism causes strep throat? | back 6 Group A β‑hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes. |
front 7 What is the treatment for strep throat? | back 7 Penicillin. |
front 8 What toxin causes scarlet fever? | back 8 Erythrogenic toxin (from lysogenized S. pyogenes). |
front 9 What are hallmark signs of scarlet fever? | back 9 Red rash, high fever, strawberry tongue, peeling skin. |
front 10 What produces diphtheria toxin? | back 10 Lysogenized Corynebacterium diphtheriae. |
front 11 What dangerous structure forms in the throat? | back 11 A tough gray membrane that can block the airway. |
front 12 What does diphtheria toxin inhibit? | back 12 Protein synthesis. |
front 13 What vaccine prevents diphtheria? | back 13 DTaP (diphtheria toxoid). |
front 14 What causes the pain in otitis media? | back 14 Pus pressure on the eardrum. |
front 15 Major bacterial causes of otitis media? | back 15
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front 16 What virus causes ~50% of colds? | back 16 Rhinovirus. |
front 17 How are colds most often transmitted? | back 17 Indirect contact. |
front 18 Why do rhinoviruses prefer the upper airway? | back 18 They grow best at slightly lower temperatures. |
front 19 What blocks ciliary action in pertussis? | back 19 Dense masses of bacteria in trachea/bronchi. |
front 20 What are the 3 stages of pertussis? | back 20
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front 21 What vaccine prevents pertussis? | back 21 Acellular pertussis vaccine (part of DTaP). |
front 22 What gives TB its acid‑fast property? | back 22 High lipid content in the cell wall. |
front 23 What is a Ghon complex? | back 23 Calcified caseous lesion seen on X‑ray. |
front 24 What is miliary TB? | back 24 Disseminated TB with millet seed‑like lesions. |
front 25 What drugs treat TB? | back 25 INH, rifampin, streptomycin, ethambutol. |
front 26 What vaccine is used outside the U.S.? | back 26 BCG (live attenuated M. bovis). |
front 27 What organism causes pneumococcal pneumonia? | back 27 Streptococcus pneumoniae |
front 28 What sputum color is classic for pneumococcal pneumonia? | back 28 Rust‑colored sputum. |
front 29 Why is Mycoplasma pneumoniae atypical? | back 29 No cell wall → “walking pneumonia”. |
front 30 Where does Legionella grow? | back 30 Water systems (AC cooling towers, plumbing). |
front 31 What is the reservoir for psittacosis? | back 31 Birds (parrots, parakeets). |
front 32 What is the most common cause of infant pneumonia? | back 32 RSV. |
front 33 What viral structures define influenza strains? | back 33 H (hemagglutinin) and N (neuraminidase) spikes. |
front 34 What causes pandemics? | back 34 Antigenic shift. |
front 35 What causes seasonal outbreaks? | back 35 Antigenic drift. |
front 36 What region is Coccidioides immitis found in? | back 36 Southwestern U.S. (dry soils). |
front 37 What form is seen in tissue? | back 37 Spherules with endospores. |
front 38 What patients are most at risk for Pneumocystis pneumonia? | back 38 AIDS / immunosuppressed. |