front 1 What can DNA be extracted from? | back 1 white blood cells, bones, hair follicles, preserved body parts, clothing and fiber, bodily fluids |
front 2 Why can't RBC be used to extract DNA? | back 2 RBC lose their nucleus when they mature, so no DNA |
front 3 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | back 3 process of copying DNA by adding a target sequence, deoxyribonucleotides, Taq polymerase enzyme, buffer, and DNA primers to a PCR tube all in a thermal cycler |
front 4 thermal cycler | back 4 lowers and raises temperatures |
front 5 denaturation in PCR | back 5 HEAT UP; separates complementary DNA strands |
front 6 annealing in PCR | back 6 COOL DOWN, DNA primers attach to each end of the target sequence |
front 7 extension in PCR | back 7 HEAT UP, Taq polymerase adds complimentary bases (deoxyribonucleotides) to build new strands |
front 8 How many times can PCR repeat? | back 8 30-40 times in an hour |
front 9 restriction enzymes/endonucleases | back 9 cut DNA in specific places called recognition sites in the process of restriction dig |
front 10 How are recognition sites symbolized? | back 10 ^ |
front 11 Where are restriction enzymes sourced from? | back 11 bacteria who use it to defend against viral DNA |
front 12 How are restriction enzymes named? | back 12 bacterial source, strain / genetic variant, and order of discovery (e.g. Escherichia coli from the RY13 Strain discovered first --> EcoRI) |
front 13 blunt ends | back 13 created by restriction enzymes that cut straight down the middle |
front 14 sticky ends | back 14 created by restriction enzymes that cut jaggedly (diagonally) |
front 15 gel electrophoresis | back 15 the process of separating and comparing DNA pieces, uses agarose gel and buffer |
front 16 agarose gel | back 16 made from agar (from seaweed), porous |
front 17 What pieces of DNA in gel electrophoresis travel farthest? | back 17 smaller pieces can move through the pores more easily, so travel farther |
front 18 What distance do DNA pieces that are the same size travel? | back 18 at the same rate, landing in the same place |
front 19 buffer | back 19 a chemical solution that conducts the electric current in gel electrophoresis |
front 20 loading a gel | back 20 the process of adding DNA before running gel electrophoresis |
front 21 well | back 21 indentations in the gel, made using a comb while the gel is setting |
front 22 lane | back 22 the area the DNA travels down |
front 23 loading dye | back 23 mixture of dye (e.g. blue) and sugar (e.g. glycerol) |
front 24 What is dye used for in gel electrophoresis? | back 24 to visually track DNA's migration through the gel (run ahead since they are smaller than DNA) |
front 25 What is the sugar used for in gel electrophoresis? | back 25 heavier than DNA, so binds to it and sinks it to the bottom of wells (prevents from floating away in the buffer) |
front 26 What side of the electrophoresis chamber is the DNA placed in? | back 26 the negative side; DNA is negatively charged so will move to the positive side |
front 27 DNA ladder/marker | back 27 the standard for comparison for DNA base pair (bp) measures, made of known DNA fragment sizes |
front 28 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) | back 28 the different patterns of DNA fragments resulting in variation in DNA sequences recognized by restriction enzymes, "unique DNA fingerprint" |
front 29 micropipettes | back 29 transfer microvolumes of liquid |
front 30 CODIS | back 30 U.S. national DNA database with DNA of convicted criminals, unidentified human remains, missing persons and their relatives, and crime scene DNA samples |