front 1 erythrocytes | back 1 red blood cells; carry O2 throughout body, dispose CO2, contain hemoglobin |
front 2 hemoglobin | back 2 allows RBC to carry O2, contain iron |
front 3 leukocytes | back 3 white blood cells; immune system, defend against infection / viruses |
front 4 thrombocytes | back 4 platelets; cell fragments that cluster around wounds to stop bleeding |
front 5 plasma | back 5 the liquid component of blood; carries cells, hormones, nutrients, proteins, electrolytes, etc. throughout the body |
front 6 presumptive test | back 6 a screening test that indicates the possible PRESENCE of a material of interest (not specific identification) |
front 7 What are the presumptive tests for the presence of blood? | back 7 based on the properties of hemoglobin (iron binds to oxygen): leucocrystal violet, luminol, KASTLE-MEYER |
front 8 leucocrystal violet (LCV) | back 8 a presumptive blood test that turns blood violet, used on porous surfaces (e.g. carpet blood stains) |
front 9 luminol | back 9 a presumptive blood test that turns blood glowing blue, reacts with many other substances other than blood so ehhh on trustworthiness |
front 10 Kastle-Meyer | back 10 the most common presumptive blood test; phenolphthalein reacts with the iron in hemoglobin |
front 11 confirmatory test | back 11 a test that is SPECIFIC for the presence of a body fluid, stain, or residue of interest, and reduces or eliminates false positive results |
front 12 What is the confirmatory test for blood? | back 12 relying on antigens and agglutination |
front 13 What occurs when an antibody locks onto its corresponding antigens? | back 13 agglutination |
front 14 antigens | back 14 structures on the surface of red blood cells |
front 15 antibodies | back 15 latch onto and attack corresponding antigens, causing agglutination |
front 16 Type A Blood | back 16 A antigens, B antibodies (Anti-B) |
front 17 Type B | back 17 B antigens, A antibodies (Anti-A) |
front 18 Type AB | back 18 BOTH A and B antigens, NO antibodies |
front 19 Type O | back 19 no antigens, BOTH A and B antibodies (Anti-A and Anti-B) |
front 20 What blood type is the universal receiver? | back 20 AB+ (no antibodies for A, B, or Rh or it would attack itself!) |
front 21 What blood type is the universal donor? | back 21 O- (no antigens means nothing for the antibodies to latch onto) |
front 22 Rhesus (Rh) | back 22 the antigen that makes a blood type positive in its presence (no Rh means a negative blood type) |
front 23 Which blood type has Rh antibodies? | back 23 negative |
front 24 What is transferred in blood transfusions? | back 24 blood cells (plasma with antibodies are removed, so cannot attack the receiver's blood) |
front 25 blood spatter analysis | back 25 provides point of origin for blood |
front 26 point of origin | back 26 location of a blood source |
front 27 transfer blood spatter | back 27 when a blood source comes into contact with a surface (e.g. smears, smudges, trails) |
front 28 spatter blood spatter | back 28 when a source of liquid blood travels through the air, landing on a target surface and splattering outwards |
front 29 falling droplets blood spatter | back 29 droplets dropped DIRECTLY from above at a 90 degree angle (e.g. circular stains) |
front 30 force and direction blood spatter | back 30 struck the surface at an angle, with an external force propelling at horizontal velocity; tail indicates direction |
front 31 radial blood spatter | back 31 impact causes droplets to fly away at high speeds |
front 32 height determination graph | back 32 uses standard curve to show mathematical relationship between two quantities |
front 33 What can DNA be extracted from? | back 33 white blood cells, bones, hair follicles, preserved body parts, clothing and fiber, bodily fluids |
front 34 Why can't RBC be used to extract DNA? | back 34 RBC lose their nucleus when they mature, so no DNA |
front 35 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | back 35 process of copying DNA by adding a target sequence, deoxyribonucleotides, Taq polymerase enzyme, buffer, and DNA primers to a PCR tube all in a thermal cycler |
front 36 thermal cycler | back 36 lowers and raises temperatures |
front 37 denaturation in PCR | back 37 HEAT UP; separates complementary DNA strands |
front 38 annealing in PCR | back 38 COOL DOWN, DNA primers attach to each end of the target sequence |
front 39 extension in PCR | back 39 HEAT UP, Taq polymerase adds complimentary bases (deoxyribonucleotides) to build new strands |
front 40 How many times can PCR repeat? | back 40 30-40 times in an hour |
front 41 restriction enzymes/endonucleases | back 41 cut DNA in specific places called recognition sites in the process of restriction dig |
front 42 How are recognition sites symbolized? | back 42 ^ |
front 43 Where are restriction enzymes sourced from? | back 43 bacteria who use it to defend against viral DNA |
front 44 How are restriction enzymes named? | back 44 bacterial source, strain / genetic variant, and order of discovery (e.g. Escherichia coli from the RY13 Strain discovered first --> EcoRI) |
front 45 blunt ends | back 45 created by restriction enzymes that cut straight down the middle |
front 46 sticky ends | back 46 created by restriction enzymes that cut jaggedly (diagonally) |
front 47 gel electrophoresis | back 47 the process of separating and comparing DNA pieces, uses agarose gel and buffer |
front 48 agarose gel | back 48 made from agar (from seaweed), porous |
front 49 What pieces of DNA in gel electrophoresis travel farthest? | back 49 smaller pieces can move through the pores more easily, so travel farther |
front 50 What distance do DNA pieces that are the same size travel? | back 50 at the same rate, landing in the same place |
front 51 buffer | back 51 a chemical solution that conducts the electric current in gel electrophoresis |
front 52 loading a gel | back 52 the process of adding DNA before running gel electrophoresis |
front 53 well | back 53 indentations in the gel, made using a comb while the gel is setting |
front 54 lane | back 54 the area the DNA travels down |
front 55 loading dye | back 55 mixture of dye (e.g. blue) and sugar (e.g. glycerol) |
front 56 What is dye used for in gel electrophoresis? | back 56 to visually track DNA's migration through the gel (run ahead since they are smaller than DNA) |
front 57 What is the sugar used for in gel electrophoresis? | back 57 heavier than DNA, so binds to it and sinks it to the bottom of wells (prevents from floating away in the buffer) |
front 58 What side of the electrophoresis chamber is the DNA placed in? | back 58 the negative side; DNA is negatively charged so will move to the positive side |
front 59 DNA ladder/marker | back 59 the standard for comparison for DNA base pair (bp) measures, made of known DNA fragment sizes |
front 60 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) | back 60 the different patterns of DNA fragments resulting in variation in DNA sequences recognized by restriction enzymes, "unique DNA fingerprint" |
front 61 micropipettes | back 61 transfer microvolumes of liquid |
front 62 CODIS | back 62 U.S. national DNA database with DNA of convicted criminals, unidentified human remains, missing persons and their relatives, and crime scene DNA samples |