front 1 Which expression defines vascular distensibility? A. ΔV / (ΔP × original volume) | back 1 A. ΔV / (ΔP × original volume) Distensibility = increase in volume / (increase in pressure × original volume) |
front 2 Pulse pressure is best defined as: A. Mean arterial minus venous | back 2 D. Systolic minus diastolic |
front 3 Pulse pressure is most closely approximated by: A. Compliance divided by stroke volume | back 3 C. Stroke volume divided by compliance |
front 4 During rapid saline loading, venous volume rises much more than arterial volume for the same pressure rise mainly because: A. Veins have higher resting tone | back 4 D. Arterial walls are stronger |
front 5 After a rapid transfusion, venous pressure spikes but then falls toward baseline despite continued extra blood volume. This venous behavior is called: A. Delayed compliance | back 5 A. Delayed compliance Delayed compliance lets venous pressure normalize quickly after an initial rise. |
front 6 An elderly patient has stiff large arteries and a widened pulse pressure. Which compliance change best explains this? A. Increased | back 6 B. Decreased |
front 7 Compared with a young elastic aorta, a stiffened aorta transmits the arterial pressure pulse: A. More erratically | back 7 B. More rapidly |
front 8 A patient with severe calcific aortic stenosis and diminished forward flow will most likely have which pulse-pressure change? A. Decreased | back 8 A. Decreased Less blood gets ejected into the aorta from LV, so the systolic pressure does not rise as much. |
front 9 A premature infant has a continuous machinery murmur from a patent ductus arteriosus. Pulse pressure is most likely: A. Decreased | back 9 B. Increased so you have blood going from aorta to pulm artery. leading to lower diastolic (in diastolic, the aorta holds pressure while heart relaxes). also the LV might have more blood to pump now, increasing systolic. |
front 10 A patient with severe aortic regurgitation has bounding pulses and marked runoff during diastole. Pulse pressure is expected to be: A. Markedly increased | back 10 A. Markedly increased Aortic regurgitation can cause an extremely wide pulse pressure because diastolic pressure falls dramatically. |
front 11 Central venous pressure is referenced to pressure in the: A. Left ventricle | back 11 C. Right atrium |
front 12 Mean right atrial pressure is closest to: A. -5 mmHg | back 12 C. 0 mmHg |
front 13 During forceful calf-muscle contraction, venous hydrostatic pressure within compressed leg veins must: A. Increase | back 13 A. Increase |
front 14 Which organ is chiefly responsible for cleansing blood? A. Liver | back 14 B. Spleen |
front 15 During rapid volume loading, which vessels are the major blood reservoir and can store about 0.5–1.0 L of extra blood? A. Arteries | back 15 C. Veins |
front 16 For the same increase in pressure, veins are approximately how much more distensible than arteries? A. Twofold | back 16 B. Eightfold |
front 17 For a given rise in pressure, veins increase blood volume by about how much more than arteries? A. Threefold | back 17 C. Eightfold |
front 18 Pulmonary arteries are about how much more distensible than systemic arteries? A. Threefold | back 18 C. Sixfold |
front 19 Which best defines vascular compliance (capacitance)? A. Resistance per pressure change | back 19 D. Volume stored per pressure rise |
front 20 Which equation correctly defines vascular compliance? A. ΔP / ΔV | back 20 D. ΔV / ΔP |
front 21 Compared with an artery, venous compliance is approximately: A. 6-fold greater | back 21 D. 24-fold greater |
front 22 Which relationship is correct? A. Compliance = resistance × volume | back 22 B. Compliance = distensibility × volume |
front 23 On a classic volume-pressure graph, which vessel has the curve showing far greater volume at a given pressure? A. Artery | back 23 D. Vein |
front 24 A patient receives an α-adrenergic agonist that increases sympathetic tone to vessels. On the volume-pressure curve, the vessel curve shifts: A. Rightward | back 24 C — Sympathetic stimulation shifts the curve left because less volume is stored at a given pressure. |
front 25 After sympathetic inhibition, the vascular volume-pressure curve shifts: A. Leftward | back 25 B — Sympathetic inhibition shifts the curve right because more volume is stored at a given pressure |
front 26 Immediately after sudden vessel filling, the prompt distention is due mainly to: A. Stress-relaxation | back 26 D. Elastic distention |
front 27 What mechanism causes the slower phase called delayed compliance? A. Endothelial nitric oxide release | back 27 B. Smooth-muscle stress-relaxation |
front 28 Which best describes delayed compliance? A. Immediate fall in resistance | back 28 B. Slow pressure change after loading |
front 29 The delayed relaxation of vascular smooth muscle after stretch is called: A. Elastic recoil | back 29 B. Stress-relaxation |
front 30 If stroke volume stays constant but arterial compliance increases, pulse pressure will most likely: A. Increase | back 30 D. Decrease |
front 31 During exercise, stroke volume rises while arterial compliance is unchanged. Pulse pressure will most likely: A. Decrease | back 31 C. Rise |
front 32 Which two variables most directly determine pulse pressure? A. Heart rate and resistance | back 32 C. Stroke volume and compliance |
front 33 Why does atherosclerosis typically widen pulse pressure? A. It lowers arterial compliance | back 33 A. It lowers arterial compliance |
front 34 Which best describes transmission of the arterial pressure pulse? A. Blood cells moving fastest | back 34 D. Distention wave spreading forward |
front 35 In the proximal aorta, pulse transmission usually travels at approximately: A. 15–35 m/sec | back 35 B. 3–5 m/sec |
front 36 In large arterial branches, pulse transmission speed is usually: A. 3–5 m/sec | back 36 B. 7–10 m/sec |
front 37 In small arteries, pulse transmission speed is usually: A. 5–7 m/sec | back 37 C. 15–35 m/sec |
front 38 Compared with the aorta, pressure-pulse transmission in small arteries is: A. Slower because flow is slower | back 38 D. Faster because walls are stiffer Smaller arteries are less compliant, so pulse waves travel faster. |
front 39 Normal aortic pulsations largely disappear by the capillaries because of: A. Reflection | back 39 B. Dampening |
front 40 Which equation best describes arterial dampening? A. Resistance / compliance | back 40 C. Resistance × compliance |
front 41 A patient has unusually low arterial resistance and low arterial compliance. What happens to dampening? A. It becomes very low | back 41 A. It becomes very low |
front 42 Korotkoff sounds are heard when cuff pressure is: A. Always below diastolic | back 42 D. Sufficient to intermittently occlude artery Korotkoff sounds occur when the artery is compressed enough to close during parts of the pressure cycle. |
front 43 The first Korotkoff sound appears because: A. Laminar flow resumes completely | back 43 B. Blood jets through compressed artery |
front 44 Korotkoff sounds that persist even when the cuff is fully deflated most strongly suggest: A. Arterial malformation or dysfunction | back 44 A. Arterial malformation or dysfunction |
front 45 Persistent Korotkoff sounds after full cuff deflation can be seen with: A. Mitral stenosis or venous insufficiency | back 45 C. Atrioventricular fistula or aortic insufficiency |
front 46 Compared with direct catheter measurement, the auscultatory method is: A. Exact in all patients | back 46 D. Usually within ten percent |
front 47 Mean arterial pressure is weighted more toward diastolic pressure because: A. Diastole occupies more cardiac time | back 47 A. Diastole occupies more cardiac time |
front 48 On a normal arterial pressure tracing, mean arterial pressure most closely follows: A. Systolic pressure | back 48 C. Diastolic pressure |
front 49 At very high heart rates, mean arterial pressure shifts to lie: A. Near diastolic only | back 49 D. More equally between both At high heart rates, MAP moves toward the midpoint between systolic and diastolic pressures. |
front 50 Central venous pressure is also called right atrial pressure because: A. It equals pulmonary wedge pressure | back 50 B. Systemic veins empty into right atrium |
front 51 Right atrial pressure is primarily determined by which two processes? A. Systemic resistance and heart rate | back 51 B. Right-heart pumping and venous return |
front 52 Normal right atrial pressure is closest to: A. +5 mmHg | back 52 C. 0 mmHg |
front 53 A patient in cardiogenic shock develops marked systemic venous congestion. Right atrial pressure may become what numbers? A. -3 to -5 mmHg | back 53 D. +20 to +30 mmHg |
front 54 Which situation would most likely lower right atrial pressure below zero? A. Massive transfusion | back 54 C. Hemorrhage Hemorrhage lowers venous return and can reduce right atrial pressure below zero. |
front 55 Exceptionally vigorous cardiac pumping with otherwise normal circulation would most likely produce a right atrial pressure of: A. +20 to +30 mmHg | back 55 C. -3 to -5 mmHg Strong heart pump = right atrium gets emptied more = RAP falls below 0. |
front 56 Small peripheral veins are usually about 4–6 mmHg higher than right atrial pressure mainly because: A. Arterioles transmit systolic pressure | back 56 B. Large veins are externally compressed |
front 57 Early right-sided heart failure may be clinically subtle in peripheral veins because: A. Arterioles buffer the pressure rise | back 57 C. Veins dilate before pressure rises Peripheral veins can dilate as atrial pressure rises, so peripheral venous pressure may not initially change much. |
front 58 A patient has an intra-abdominal pressure of 23 mmHg. To continue venous return, femoral venous pressure must be at least: A. 10 mmHg | back 58 B. 23 mmHg Femoral venous pressure must at least equal the surrounding abdominal pressure to keep flow going. |
front 59 Gravitational pressure in the venous system is also called: A. Oncotic pressure | back 59 C. Hydrostatic pressure |
front 60 In a motionless standing adult, venous pressure in the feet is approximately: A. +20 mmHg | back 60 D. +90 mmHg |
front 61 In a motionless standing adult, venous pressure in the hands is approximately: A. +10 mmHg | back 61 B. +35 mmHg |
front 62 While standing upright, jugular venous pressure is usually approximately: A. +10 mmHg | back 62 B. 0 mmHg |
front 63 In the upright position, dural sinus pressure is normally about: A. +10 mmHg | back 63 D. -10 mmHg |
front 64 During cranial surgery in a seated patient, negative dural sinus pressure is dangerous because it can cause: A. Cerebral vasospasm | back 64 B. Air embolism |
front 65 In a walking person, venous pressure in the feet is usually closest to: A. +90 mmHg | back 65 C. +20 mmHg |
front 66 After a person stops walking and stands still, foot venous pressure usually returns toward resting standing levels in about: A. 5 seconds | back 66 B. 30 seconds |
front 67 After 15–30 minutes of quiet standing, leg swelling develops mainly because: A. Arterial flow abruptly ceases | back 67 B. Plasma filters into tissues Prolonged standing increases capillary filtration into interstitial tissue, causing swelling. |
front 68 Venous valve incompetence most directly causes: A. Varicose veins | back 68 A. Varicose veins |
front 69 A patient with long-standing varicose veins is at risk for which complication set? A. Cyanosis, bradycardia, syncope | back 69 B. Edema, weak muscles, ulcers |
front 70 The lower neck veins begin to protrude when right atrial pressure reaches about: A. 0 mmHg | back 70 C. +10 mmHg |
front 71 The most direct way to determine right atrial pressure is with a: A. Swan-Ganz balloon wedge | back 71 B. Central venous catheter |
front 72 The body reference level at which vascular pressure changes little with position is located near the: A. Aortic arch | back 72 C. Tricuspid valve |
front 73 In a supine person, the zero-pressure reference level lies at the tricuspid valve, approximately: A. 20% chest thickness anterior | back 73 C. 60% chest thickness anterior In a supine person, the zero reference level is about 60% of chest thickness anterior to the back. |
front 74 Which is considered a specific blood reservoir? A. Kidney cortex | back 74 B. Spleen |
front 75 Which structure can release several hundred milliliters of blood and is a specific reservoir? A. Liver | back 75 A. Liver |
front 76 Which specific reservoir contributes about 300 mL of blood? A. Great saphenous veins | back 76 C. Large abdominal veins |
front 77 Which specific blood reservoir can contribute several hundred milliliters through cutaneous venoconstriction? A. Skin venous plexus | back 77 A. Skin venous plexus |
front 78 Which pair can contribute blood but are not classically listed as specific blood reservoirs? A. Brain and kidneys | back 78 B. Heart and lungs |
front 79 The spleen can decrease in size and rapidly release approximately how much blood? A. 25 mL | back 79 B. 100 mL |
front 80 Which splenic compartment can release concentrated red blood cells and raise hematocrit by 1–2%? A. White pulp | back 80 C. Red pulp |