cranial meninges are continuous with

spinal meninges

dura mater is the

outermost double layer with no epidural space: the spinal cord has only ONE layer

arachnoid mater is the

middle layer

Pia mater is the

inner layer

CSF is produce in what part of the brain

ventricles

CSF is what color

Clear and colorless and contains glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, eletrocytes, and some white blood cells

What forms the CSF

ependymal

What is most of the CSF absorbed by

arachnoid villi ( located in dura mater and subarachnoid space)

A condition in which the CSF pressure is elevated…

hydrocephalus

CSF contributes to homeostasis by

Protecting the brain

Delivering nutrients to brain

Removing waste from brain

Blood is supplied by the brain via the what

circle of Willis

___ is the principle source of energy for brain cells

glucose (C6H12O6)

____ is a special mechanism compared of neuroglia termed astrocytes and it prevents certain material from passing from the blood to the CSF and the brain

Blood Brain Barrier

Pyramids cross each other close to the spinal cord junction at a point called the what

decussation

Substantia nigra controls what

subconsicous muscle activity

Red nuclei control what

coorinated muscular movements

Medical lemniscus controls what

muscular impulses

Thalamus is

located superior to midbrain and contain nuclei that serves as relay stations for all sensory imploded to the cerebral cortex

Important functions of the hypothalamus

monitors osmotic pressure, blood glucose levels, body temp

controls autonomic NS

regulates pituitary glands

regulates emotional and behavioral patterns

regulates thirst and hunger

maintains biological rhythms

Pituitary glands are also known as

the master gland

Epithalamus is

located in the roof of the third ventricle and consist of choroid plexus, pineal gland, melatonin

The pineal gland is also known as

the 3rd eye

Cerebellum is

located posterior portion of the cranium and accounts for 1/10 of brain mass and contains half the neurons in the brain

An outer cortex of gray matter and inner tree-like attachment of white matter tracts are called

arbor vitae

arbor vitae is also known as

tree of life

Deep fissure and slender ridges are called

folia

Two hemispheres are joined by what

vermis

The cerebrum is seperated into R & L halves hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure and its is formed from an infolding of the meninges called what

falx cerebri

Hemispheres are connected by massiv bundles of transverse white fibers called

corpus callosum

___ lies beneath parietal and temporal lobes and CANNOT be seen from the brains surface

Insula

____ are paired curled masses of gray matter deep within cerebral hemispheres

basal ganglia (basal nuclei)

The amygdala is

part of the emotional brain and know for the 4 Fs

Sensory areas

interpret sensory impulses and establish perception

Motor areas

control voluntary muscular movement

___ stimulation of any point in the primary motor are causes contraction of specific skeletal muscle fibers on opposite side of body

electrical

___ area is devoted to those muscles invoked in skilled, complex, or delicate movements

cortical

Production of speech

Broca’s area

Association areas are

emotional and complex intergrative functions and activated when looking at an object

wernickes area is

active as you translate words into thirds and helps with communication by adding emotional content

Which of the following is NOT a major region of the brain?

Cauda equina

Which of the following regions of the brain contains the inferior olivary nucleus?

Medulla oblongata

Which is NOT a purely motor nerve?

IX

The vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve functions in hearing while the cochlear branch is involved in equilibrium.

False

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of the blood-brain barrier that provides its functional characteristics?

Tight junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain.

Which of the following is NOT a nucleus found in the thalamus?

Red nucleus

Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for conscious movements of the body?

Primary motor area

During brain development, the gyri of the cerebrum are formed because

the gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter.

Pyramids are

white matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata.

Brain waves that appear during deep sleep are called

delta waves.

A common type of disabling senile dementia that affects about 11% of the population over 65 and results in loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself, is called

Alzheimer disease

Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?

Brain stem

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Choroid plexuses

This region of the brain serves as the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem.

Thalamus

Which of the following glands is directly controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

Anterior pituitary gland

This region of the brain contains pneumotaxic and apneustic areas that help control respiration.

Pons

Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for speech?

Broca's area

Which of the following is a nucleus found in the medulla oblongata that receives sensory information associated with touch, pressure and vibration?

Gracile nucleus

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

basal nuclei

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed through these fingerlike projections found in the dural venous sinuses.

Arachnoid villi

A deep indentation found along the medial plane that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the

longitudinal fissure

Which of the following meninges has two layers?

Cranial dura mater

This brain vesicle gives rise to the midbrain and cerebral aqueduct.

Mesencephalon

This portion of the limbic system lies between the hippocampus and the parahippocampus gyrus.

dentate gyrus

The brain and spinal cord develop from the ______ neural tube.

ectodermal

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

Blood brain barrier

Medullary nuclei are
1. masses of gray matter in the medulla oblongata.
2. masses of white matter in the medulla oblongata.
3. decussations of the pyramids.

1 only

Which of the following brain structures consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus?

Diencephalon

This is a netlike region of white and gray matter that extends throughout the brainstem and functions to help maintain consciousness.

Reticular formation

Cranial nerve V is also known as the _______________ nerve.

trigeminal

Brain waves that appear in adults and children during periods of emotional stress are called

theta waves.

Cerebrospinal fluid carries small amounts of chemicals like glucose from the ______ to neurons and neuroglia.

blood

The central sulcus of the cerebrum separates the

frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.