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36 1.1 Digestive physiology

front 1

Cells that secrete mucous layer

highest concentration of mucous in ....

back 1

Goblet cells

Stomach and colon (due to bacteria concentration)

front 2

Villi length and effect on surface area

back 2

0.5-1.5 mm

10X

front 3

microvilli length and effect on surface area

back 3

1um long, 0.1 um diameter

200X

front 4

Reserve capacity of pancreatic lipase

back 4

9 folds

front 5

Reserve capacity of glucose transport

back 5

duodenum and 30 cm jejunum

front 6

Safety Margin

back 6

capacity / load

front 7

extent of uptake of (CHO, Fe, Ca)

back 7

CHO 98%

Fe 10%

Ca 30%

front 8

Immunostaining in immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging measures?

back 8

Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein , amount of transporters

front 9

Methods used to develop ORS

back 9

perfusion of human small intestines

front 10

Hydrophobic AA

back 10

alpha helix

front 11

Functions of Aquaporins and Aquaglyceroporins

back 11

Transporting:

  1. Water
  2. Glycerol
  3. Urea
  4. NH3
  5. H2O2

front 12

What concentration of Na drive water uptake?

back 12

90mmol/l

front 13

Models of water flow

back 13

  1. Simple osmotic flow (fastest)
  2. Paracellular
  3. Aquaporins (40-60%)

front 14

Duplication of digestive enzymes

back 14

  • Pancreatic amylase & brush-border glucoamylase
  • Lingual and pancreatic lipase
  • Gastric, pancreatic and brush-border peptidases

front 15

Duplication of absorptive functions (transporters)

back 15

  • GLUT2 and SGLT1
  • PEPT1 and Amino Acid transporters
  • Flip-flop and Fatty Acid Binding Proteins

front 16

Types of transporters

back 16

Facilitative or non-active transporters (UT1, GLUT1)

Ion-coupled transporters (SGLT1)

ATP dependent transporters (MDR1)

front 17

uptake by the BB depends on

back 17

  1. Number of cells
  2. Number of transporters
  3. Electrochemical driving force (SGLT1 needs a Na gradient maintained by the Na+/K+ ATPase

front 18

homozygous C292Y-SGLT1 mutation lead to

back 18

Glucose galactose malabsorption

front 19

Inhibitors can be used to unravel the transporters involved in intestinal glucose transport

back 19

Phloretin

Phloridzin

front 20

Km values of transporters (SGLT1, GLUT2)

back 20

SGLT1 > 0.5 low Km works best even at low glucose concentrations (fasting)

GULT2 > 17 high Km works best at high glucose concentrations (eating)

front 21

Intestinal glucose and fructose transporters

back 21

  1. GLUT5 (necessary for fructose but not glucose)
  2. GLUT2

front 22

effects of stress on glucose absorption

back 22

Stress decreases SGLT1 mediated transport

increase GLUT 2 mediated transport

front 23

Lipids Absorption

back 23

Transport systems highest FA uptake during fasting when lumen concentrations of FA low

  1. Scavenger receptor CD36 (SR-B2)
  2. scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) – CD36 family
  3. FA transport protein 4 (FATP4)

Via diffusion is highest during feeding when FA concentrations in the lumen are high

front 24

AA transporters

back 24

  1. Na dependent
  2. IMINO
  3. Na independent
  4. Proton-energised peptide transporters (PEPT-1)

front 25

Lactalbumin absorption %

back 25

61%

front 26

Lactalbumin hydrolyate absorption %

back 26

91%

front 27

Milk protein components

back 27

75-80% Casein

20-25% Whey

front 28

Whey Protein properties

back 28

  • Globular with defined tertiary structures
  • Exist in milk serum
  • Remain soluble at pH 4.6 > Stable
  • Not incorporated into cheese curd

front 29

Classification of fibers (non-starch polysaccharides )

back 29

  1. Cellulose (Carboxymethylcellulose)
  2. Non-cellulose (hemicellulose, pectin, plant gums & mucilage, inulin, Guar)

front 30

How are SCFA and organic acids absorbed?

back 30

SCFA and organic acids - by organic anion transporter

SCFA – by passive diffusion?

front 31

Fermentation Capacity in Humans

back 31

  • Lactitol - 74g/d
  • Sorbitol - 71g/d
  • Cellulose – much higher. WHY?
  • Polydextrose [high melt, randon copolymer of glucose and citric acid] – 120g/d WHY?
  • Most soluble and fermentable fibres - about the same as lactitol
  • The kinetics of fermentation are variable

front 32

Non fermentable fiber effects on the gut

back 32

increase stool weight

front 33

Which SCFA is beneficial for blood flow? And which for cell turnover?

back 33

blood flow (acetate) and cell turnover(butyrate)

front 34

The enteric nervous system has two major ganglionated plexuses

back 34

Myenteric plexus - lies between the outer longitudinal and the circular muscle layers

Submucosal plexus - lies between the muscularis mucosae and the circular muscle layer

front 35

Food in the stomach causes .... release which stimulates.......

back 35

gastrin release which stimulates acid secretion

front 36

Fatty foods in the duodenum causes 2 things to happen:-

back 36

1.Secretin release – bicarbonate and pancreatic secretions

2.Cholecystekinin release CCK– gall bladder contracts, pancreatic secretions

front 37

Three phases of pancreatic stimulation

back 37

1 Cephalic (vagal, seeing, smelling, and thinking about food (20%))

2 Gastric (vagal, gastrin, acid, peptides (10%))

3 Intestinal (CCK, secretin, cholinergic vagal, serotonin 70%)

front 38

Pancreatic inhibition

back 38

1- Ghrelin

2- Leptin

3- Head break PYY, GLP-1

front 39

Reduction in duodenal and ileal motility when...

back 39

  1. lipids in the duodenum
  2. head of the meal reaches ileum

front 40

Presence of SCFA in caecum promotes ...

back 40

ileo-caecal motility increased – prevents reflux of colonic contents into ileum