front 1 ________ form a small group of proteins that bind to GPCRs and compete for binding to those GPCRs with heterotrimeric G proteins. | back 1 Arrestins |
front 2 _____ is formed from the amino acid L-______ in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme _____. | back 2 Nitric oxide, arginine, nitric oxide synthase |
front 3 The process that blocks active receptors from turning on additional G proteins is called ________. | back 3 desensitization |
front 4 What molecule is responsible for activating Rsk-2? | back 4 MAPK |
front 5 _________ are enzymes that phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues on protein substrates. | back 5 Protein-tyrosine kinases |
front 6 Why do colds cause us to lose some of our appreciation for the taste of food? | back 6 The symptoms of colds prevent stimuli from reaching olfactory neurons efficiently, thus dulling the perception of taste. |
front 7 What group of enzymes phosphorylates most of the carbons on inositol? | back 7 phosphoinositide kinases |
front 8 Accessory proteins that maintain monomeric G proteins in an inactive state by inhibiting GDP-GTP exchange are called: | back 8 GDIs |
front 9 The concentration of calcium ions in the ER lumen, the plant cell vacuole and the extracellular space are on average more than _______ times higher than in the cytosol. | back 9 10.000 |
front 10 What does the interaction between arrestin and clathrin promote? | back 10 the uptake of phosphorylated GPCRs into the cell by endocytosis |
front 11 How can one identify oncogenes? | back 11 by introducing the DNA suspected of containing the oncogene into cultured cells and looking for altered growth properties |
front 12 What happens if one cultures cells from a tumor lacking a functional RB gene after reintroducing a wild-type copy of the gene into those cells? | back 12 The cancer phenotype disappears. |
front 13 __________ is new blood vessel formation. | back 13 Angiogenesis |
front 14 What generally happens if cells that have been transformed into cancer cells in culture by carcinogenic chemicals or viruses are introduced into a host animal? | back 14 They generally cause tumors in the host animal. |
front 15 What is the name for tiny regulatory RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of target mRNAs? | back 15 microRNAs |
front 16 A well-known cell-survival pathway involves a kinase called _______ that is activated by the _______, leading to a larger chance that the cell will survive a stimulus that would normally lead to its destruction. | back 16 PKB, phosphoinositide PIP3 |
front 17 The fact that tumor cells depend, in many cases, on glycolysis may reflect ________. | back 17 the high metabolic requirements of cancer cells and an inadequate blood supply within the tumor |
front 18 A lack of a functional TP53 gene __________. | back 18 causes a cell carrying damaged DNA to fail to be destroyed |
front 19 Which of the following enzymes is known to be expressed at a high level in the cancer cells of patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia and at low levels in the cancer cells of patients suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia? | back 19 catalase |
front 20 Whether a cell lives or dies after a particular event depends to a large degree on ________ between ________ and _________ signals. | back 20 the balance, proapoptotic, antiapoptotic |
front 21 Which of the following features would be a requirement for a receptor that exhibits ligand-mediated dimerization? | back 21 The ligand has two binding sites for receptors. |
front 22 How were nitroglycerine's therapeutic benefits discovered? | back 22 the fact that dynamite factory workers with heart conditions had less angina on days that they worked |
front 23 The _________ pathway of apoptosis is one in which external stimuli activate apoptosis via a signaling pathway. | back 23 extrinsic |
front 24 What kind of enzyme is the RAS gene product, the Ras protein? | back 24 a GTPase |
front 25 Which of the following processes is not regulated by eicosanoids? | back 25 neurotransmission |
front 26 What can cause the stockpile of intracellular calcium ions to be depleted? | back 26 periods of repeated cellular responses |
front 27 In which organism below has calmodulin not been found? | back 27 bacteria |
front 28 In order to begin desensitization, the ________ domain of the activated G protein-coupled receptor is phosphorylated by a specific enzyme called a(n) ________. | back 28 cytoplasmic, G protein-coupled receptor kinase |
front 29 While bound to phosphorylated GPCRs, to what else can arrestins bind? | back 29 clathrin molecules in clathrin-coated pits |
front 30 From what molecule are the steroids derived? | back 30 cholesterol |
front 31 Why do tumor viruses transform normal cells into cancer cells? | back 31 They carry genes whose products interfere with the cell's normal growth-regulating activities. |
front 32 Which of the following is not a mechanism of action for a small-molecule targeted therapy? | back 32 Inhibition of estrogen synthesis |
front 33 ___________ of miRNAs ____________. | back 33 Expression; has been shown inhibit the expression of human oncogenes, abnormal expression; has been implicated as a causal factor in tumor cell invasiveness and metastasis and, expression; has been shown inhibit the expression of RAS and MYC |
front 34 Which cells generally lack the ability to divide? | back 34 differentiated end products of a tissue |
front 35 Which type of new screening test will be able to identify cancers based on the presence of specific genes associated with various types of cancer? | back 35 genomics |
front 36 Chronic infection with what stomach-dwelling bacterium has been associated with certain gastric lymphomas? | back 36 Helicobacter pylori |
front 37 Retinoblastoma is inherited as a ____________. | back 37 dominant genetic trait |
front 38 How might blocking angiogenesis have a negative impact as a cancer treatment? | back 38 by creating a more O2-deficient environment for the tumor cells, and by driving tumor cells to seek out other sites in the body |
front 39 For what disease has the human monoclonal antibody Arzerra been approved for treatment? | back 39 chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
front 40 What generally happens if cells that have been transformed into cancer cells in culture by carcinogenic chemicals or viruses are introduced into a host animal? | back 40 They generally cause tumors in the host animal. |
front 41 Which of the following enzymes is known to be expressed at a high level in the cancer cells of patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia and at low levels in the cancer cells of patients suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia? | back 41 catalase |
front 42 What is unusual about the inheritance of retinoblastoma, given that it appears to be inherited as a dominant trait? | back 42 Not all children who inherited the RB deletion developed retinoblastoma. |
front 43 If any of the proteins involved in mismatch repair are damaged, the mutation rate and cancer risk will rise; this is called the ___________. | back 43 mutator phenotype |
front 44 The cancer vaccine DCVax utilizes which type of cells from the patient? | back 44 dendritic cells |
front 45 Which one of the following viruses does not appear to be linked to human cancers? | back 45 rhinovirus |
front 46 Mutant forms of which of the following genes have been associated with melanomas and colorectal cancers, respectively? | back 46 BRAF and APC |
front 47 What part of the cell cycle does the pRB protein help to regulate? | back 47 the G1 - S transition |
front 48 Which of the genes below would be a viral gene? | back 48 par |
front 49 With respect to cancer genetics and the cancer genome, what are passenger genes? | back 49 genes that are subject to mutation but have no effect on the phenotype of a cancer cell |
front 50 What happens quite often to the number of normal receptors in the plasma membranes of malignant cells as compared to normal cells? | back 50 Malignant cells usually have a much larger number of plasma membrane receptors than normal cells. |