front 1 evolution | back 1 the change in the gene pool of a POPULATION over time |
front 2 natural selection | back 2 the driving force of evolution and operates on the INDIVIDUAL |
front 3 Charles Darwin | back 3 18th century, On the Origin of Species, finches |
front 4 Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck | back 4 pre-Darwin WRONG theories that acquired changes show up in gametes |
front 5 paleontology | back 5 the study of fossils |
front 6 fossil dating | back 6 age of rocks around a fossil, rate of decay of isotopes, geographical data |
front 7 biogeography | back 7 study of distribution of flora and fauna in the environment |
front 8 embryology | back 8 the study of development of an organism |
front 9 morphological homologies | back 9 the study of the anatomy (homologous and analogous structures) of various animals |
front 10 homologous structures | back 10 same appendages that develop different purposes, point to common ancestor |
front 11 analogous structure | back 11 features with the same function but different structures, evolved independently (e.g. insect and bat wings) |
front 12 molecular biology | back 12 closely related organisms have a greater proportion of nucleotide / amino acid sequences in common |
front 13 continuing evolution | back 13 evolution is constantly occurring with consistent small changes in DNA, fossil record, evolving pathogens |
front 14 common ancestor | back 14 some original life form shared between two groups |
front 15 phylogenetic tree (cladogram) | back 15 hypotheses used to study relationship between organisms |
front 16 out-group | back 16 the least related group to all other species in a phylogenetic tree |
front 17 genetic variability | back 17 no two individuals in a population have an identical set of alleles |
front 18 peppered moths | back 18 example of directional selection, air pollution, black becomes prevalent over white |
front 19 adaptation | back 19 a variation favored by natural selection |
front 20 random mutation | back 20 internal advantage, initial variation is by chance but can eventually become an advantage only after something makes it apparent |
front 21 environmental pressure | back 21 external sources causes a trait to be advantageous |
front 22 evolutionary fitness | back 22 given to an organism with ANY trait that causes it to reproduce better |
front 23 sexual selection | back 23 natural selection arising through preference of some trait that makes an individual more likely to be chosen for reproduction |
front 24 genetic drift | back 24 something that causes a change in a population that is not natural selection (left over traits RANDOM, not necessarily advantageous) |
front 25 bottleneck / founder effect | back 25 genetic drift, random events that drastically reduce the number of individuals in a population |
front 26 gene flow | back 26 occurs between different populations of the same species with immigration or emigration of populations |
front 27 directional selection | back 27 one phenotype is favored at one extreme of the normal distribution |
front 28 stabilizing selection | back 28 organisms in a population with extreme traits are eliminated (middle is favored) |
front 29 disruptive selection | back 29 favors both extremes and selects against common traits |
front 30 artificial selection | back 30 humans directly affect variation in other species |
front 31 species | back 31 two individuals able to mate and produce viable offspring that would be able to mate and produce viable offspring |
front 32 reproductively isolated | back 32 two species who cannot mate, allowing them to undergo natural selection and evolve differently |
front 33 divergent evolution | back 33 when different variation and environmental pressures cause a change that makes groups no longer able to mate |
front 34 punctuated equilibrium | back 34 divergent evolution occurs quickly after a period of little evolution (stasis) |
front 35 gradualism | back 35 divergent evolution that comes after many small changes over hundreds or millions of years |
front 36 adaptive radiation | back 36 divergent evolution when a species rapidly diversifies due to an abundance of available ecological niches |
front 37 pre-zygotic barriers | back 37 fertilization is prevented between two species |
front 38 post-zygotic barriers | back 38 inability of hybrid organisms to produce offspring |
front 39 convergent evolution | back 39 two unrelated and dissimilar species come to have analogous traits, because exposed to similar selective pressures |
front 40 speciation | back 40 the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution |
front 41 allopatric speciation | back 41 a population becomes separated from the rest by a geographic barrier, so the two can't interbreed |
front 42 sympatric speciation | back 42 new species form without a geographic barrier |
front 43 polyploidy | back 43 possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes (plants) |
front 44 Hardy-Weinberg law | back 44 even with all the shuffling of genes, the relative frequencies of genotypes in a population are constant over time (neither dominant nor recessive disappears) |
front 45 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires... | back 45 large population, no net mutations, no immigration or emigration (no gene flow), random mating (no sexual selection), no natural selection |
front 46 p | back 46 dominant allele frequency |
front 47 q | back 47 recessive allele frequency |
front 48 p^2 | back 48 homozygous dominant genotype frequency |
front 49 2pq | back 49 heterozygous genotype frequency |
front 50 q^2 | back 50 homozygous recessive genotype frequency |
front 51 Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane | back 51 primitive atmosphere of Earth contained mostly inorganic molecules, rich in gases with almost no free oxygen, gas collisions and chemical reactions led to organic molecules of today |
front 52 Stanley Miller and Hardol Urey | back 52 proved Oparin and Haldane in lab with gases in a flask, charged, created organic compounds similar to amino acids |
front 53 RNA-World Hypothesis | back 53 original life forms were simply molecules of RNA that could replicate and pass their genome along |