front 1 fertilization | back 1 when a haploid sperm cell fuses with haploids egg cell |
front 2 the first cell | back 2 all somatic cells have copies of all of the zygote's 46 chromosomes |
front 3 homologous pairs have... | back 3 same centromere location, length, genes, banding pattern (zebra stripes) |
front 4 What is the perpetuation of life based on? | back 4 cellular reproduction / division |
front 5 What is Rudolf Virchow's modern cell theory? | back 5 the cell is the smallest living unit of all organisms, all living things are made of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells |
front 6 parent cell | back 6 produces daughter cells via meiosis or mitosis |
front 7 binary fission | back 7 prokaryotic cell division; plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward to divide in half after DNA is doubled |
front 8 genes of prokaryotes | back 8 single chromosomes, circular, smaller, simpler |
front 9 hypothesis for 2 daughter chromosomes separating in prokaryotes | back 9 new plasma membrane grows between 2 sites where chromosome duplicates are attached OR chromosomes actively move away via unknown mechanism |
front 10 kinetochore | back 10 SPECIFICALLY the protein structure each sister chromatid has, which holds chromosomes together at centromere |
front 11 centromere | back 11 where the sister chromatids join together |
front 12 gametogenesis | back 12 another name for meiosis |
front 13 spermatogenesis | back 13 when sperm cells are made |
front 14 oogenesis | back 14 when eggs are made, produces only ONE ovum, other 3 are polar bodies |
front 15 polar bodies | back 15 the other 3 cells produced, degenerate since have very little cytoplasm (females conserve as much for the one ovum) |
front 16 ovum | back 16 surviving gamete in oogenesis |
front 17 sources of genetic variation | back 17 crossing over (P1), independent chromosome orientation (M1), random fertilization, chromosomal nondisjunction, chromosomal mutations |
front 18 independent orientation | back 18 the random / independent arrangement of homologous chromosomes (tetrads) at metaphase 1 affects the resulting gametes (50/50 for each of getting mother or father side) |
front 19 gamete combination rule | back 19 2^n in any organism (n = haploid number) |
front 20 crossing over | back 20 the exchange of corresponding segments between 2 homologous chromosomes during the process of synapsis in prophase 1 |
front 21 chiasma | back 21 sites of crossing over |
front 22 synapsis | back 22 formation of tetrads in P1; occurs when homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis |
front 23 genetic recombination | back 23 the production of a gene combination different from what the original chromosome carried |
front 24 recombinant | back 24 result of chromatid with crossing over, different than parental genotype |
front 25 parental | back 25 chromatid without crossing over, same as parental genotype |
front 26 karyotype | back 26 an orderly display of magnified images of independent chromosomes |
front 27 What happens with most abnormal chromosome numbers, dominant genetic diseases, and incredibly harmful mutations? | back 27 miscarriage / abortion |
front 28 What happens with missing autosomes? | back 28 always death by miscarriage |
front 29 down syndrome (trisomy 21) | back 29 3 copies of chromosome 21, shorter life span, round face, short stature, mental disability, most sterile, susceptible to disease |
front 30 nondisjunction | back 30 chromosome pair fails to separate --> aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes in cell) |
front 31 nondisjunction in meiosis I | back 31 100% of gametes have abnormal chromosomes numbers |
front 32 nondisjunction in meiosis 2 | back 32 50% of gametes have abnormal chromosomes numbers |
front 33 meiosis in women | back 33 begins before born, only 1 matures per month = period, arrested mid-meiosis for decades leads to errors around 35+ |
front 34 XXY | back 34 Kleinfelter syndrome in males, small sterile testes, normal intelligence, breast enlargement |
front 35 XO | back 35 Turner syndrome in females, short, web of skin between neck and shoulders, sex organs don't fully mature so sterile |
front 36 chromosomal deletion | back 36 fragment lost, most serious, cri du chat syndrome |
front 37 chromosomal duplication | back 37 fragment joints to homologous chromosome |
front 38 chromosomal inversion | back 38 fragment reattaches to OG chromosome in reverse direction |
front 39 chromosomal translocation | back 39 fragment attached to nonhomologous chromosome |
front 40 nonreciprocal translocation | back 40 fragment just breaks off and attached, no exchange |
front 41 reciprocal translocation | back 41 2 nonhomologous chromosomes exchange segments (e.g. in down syndrome can result from only part of a 3rd chromosome 21) |
front 42 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) / Philadelphia X | back 42 chromosome reciprocal translocation in bone marrow, gene activated when chromosome 22 switches with a fragment of chromosome 9 |
front 43 Law of Dominance | back 43 one trait masks the effects of another trait |
front 44 Law of Segregation | back 44 each gamete gets only one of the copies of each gene |
front 45 dihybrid cross between heterozygotes | back 45 9 dominant dominant; 3 dominant recessive; 3 recessive dominant; 1 recessive recessive |
front 46 trihybrid cross | back 46 3 different characteristics involved, find all separately in punnett square and then use rule of multiplication |
front 47 Rule of Multiplication / Product Rule | back 47 events occurring SIMULTANEOUSLY |
front 48 Rule of Addition / Sum Rule | back 48 EITHER event will occur |
front 49 recombination frequency | back 49 percentage of recombinants: recombinants over total offspring, all times 100 |
front 50 sex-linked gene | back 50 any gene located on a sex chromosome (usually X) |
front 51 red-green color blindness | back 51 X-linked (males), malfunction of light sensitive cells in eyes |
front 52 hemophilia | back 52 X-linked (males), bleed excessively, abnormal blood clots |
front 53 Duchenne muscular dystrophy | back 53 X-linked (males), progressive weakening / loss of muscle tissue |
front 54 phenotypic plasticity | back 54 two individuals with the same genotype have different phenotypes because they are in different environments, adapt to local environmental factors (e.g. temperature, nutrition, disease, physical activity; height and weight in humans, soil pH in flower color, seasonal fur color in arctic animals, sex determination in reptiles) |
front 55 photoperiod | back 55 how much light is received during the day (arctic hare color change is linked to photoperiod) |
front 56 X-Y system | back 56 males determine offspring |
front 57 X-O system | back 57 males determine offspring by not giving chromosome |
front 58 Z-W system | back 58 females determine offspring |
front 59 haploid / diploid system | back 59 male fertiliztion determines offspring, unfertilized / haploid eggs are male, fertilized / diploid eggs are female |
front 60 monoecious | back 60 plants that produce both sperm and eggs (e.g. corn, pea plants) |
front 61 hermaphroditic | back 61 animals that produce both sperm and eggs (e.g. garden snails, earthworms) |
front 62 wild-type traits | back 62 prevail in nature, not necessarily dominant; majority recessive in nature |
front 63 cystic fibrosis | back 63 recessive genetic disease, most common U.S. lethal disease, excess mucus in lungs cause breathing problems |
front 64 phenylketonuria (PKU) | back 64 recessive genetic disease, phenylalanine accumulation in blood, mental disability |
front 65 sickle-cell disease | back 65 recessive genetic disease, sickle red blood cells, tissue damage, pleiotropy and codominance |
front 66 Tay-Sachs | back 66 recessive genetic disease, lipid accumulation in brain cells, mental deficiency, blindness, childhood death |
front 67 Huntington's disease | back 67 dominant genetic disease, nervous system degeneration, begins in middle age |