front 1 bioenergetics | back 1 the study of how energy from the sun is transformed into energy in living things |
front 2 energy | back 2 the capacity to perform work |
front 3 work | back 3 force x distance, to transfer motion to other matter (e.g. leg muscles to a bike, wings to the air) |
front 4 kinetic energy | back 4 MOTION energy, does work by moving matter (e.g. heat, light) |
front 5 potential energy | back 5 STORED energy, capacity to perform work that matter has because of position or shape or compression or mass (e.g. dam, negatively charged electrons, atom arrangement, chemical energy) |
front 6 chemical energy | back 6 potential energy of molecules |
front 7 First Law of Thermodynamics | back 7 energy conservation: energy is neither created or destroyed simply TRANSFERRED, fixed amount of energy in the universe |
front 8 Second Law of Thermodynamics | back 8 Energy Conversions Reduce the Order of the Universe: energy transfer leads to less organization (universe tends toward disorder / entropy / heat) |
front 9 heat | back 9 random molecular motion |
front 10 When energy is ADDED to a system, entropy... | back 10 decreases, like when you use your energy to clean your room or arrange amino acids |
front 11 When energy is TRANSFERRED, entropy... | back 11 increases (heat is released) |
front 12 endergonic reactions | back 12 require energy input to yield high potential energy products from low potential energy reactants |
front 13 exergonic reactions | back 13 require output of energy to yield low potential energy products from high potential energy reactants |
front 14 cellular metabolism | back 14 the sum of ALL chemical reactions (endergonic and exergonic) in an organism |
front 15 energy coupling | back 15 released energy from exergonic reactions are used in endergonic reactions |
front 16 transition state | back 16 when the reactants turn into a high energy molecule, occur at every step of a reaction between the reactants and products, must reach before starting a reaction |
front 17 reaction intermediates | back 17 formed between each step of a multi step reaction, one is made in one reaction and goes into the next reaction whose product goes into the next and so on |
front 18 activation energy | back 18 certain amount of energy required to reach the transition state |
front 19 energy barrier | back 19 the amount of energy reactants need to start a chemical reaction, why molecules in cells do not break down spontaneously |
front 20 inorganic cofactors | back 20 ions, usually metals (e.g. zinc, iron, copper, Fe2+, Mg2+) |
front 21 coenzymes | back 21 cofactors that are organic nonprotein helpers (e.g. vitamins) |
front 22 enzyme reactions can be affected by... | back 22 temperature, pH, relative concentration of substrates and products, salt concentrations |
front 23 saturation point | back 23 the concentration of substrate where all of the enzyme in a reaction is bound by substrate, Additional substrate past this point no longer increases the speed of the reaction |
front 24 optimal temperature | back 24 the highest contact rate with the enzyme and substrate |
front 25 optimal pH | back 25 around or at 7, except for pepsin (a digestive enzyme) which has a pH of 2 and lysosome enzymes which also have an acidic pH |
front 26 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | back 26 made of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups |
front 27 energy coupling of ATP | back 27 exergonic reactions of the 3rd phosphate group being removed and endergonic reactions of the phosphorylation, which releases in exergonic and attaches again to ADP in endergonic |
front 28 fast twitch muscle fibers | back 28 anaerobic (no oxygen), quick but powerful bursts of energy, cause fermentation when lactic acid is generated and causes leg cramps, less mitochondria, only 2% of glucose power |
front 29 slow twitch muscle fibers | back 29 aerobic (yes oxygen), long and repeated contractions, for long distance/ endurance running, many mitochondria, uses 40% of glucose power |