front 1 cell theory | back 1 the cell is life's basic (smallest) unit of structure and function |
front 2 compartments in cells are for... | back 2 more specialization |
front 3 surface-area-to-volume-ratio | back 3 larger = more efficient, folds increase, smaller cells have higher |
front 4 What happens as an organism increases in size? | back 4 its surface area to volume ratio decreases, affecting things like heat exchange (small organisms lose heat much faster) |
front 5 What organisms have a cell wall? | back 5 prokaryotes, plants |
front 6 What organisms have a membrane-bound organelle? | back 6 plants, animals |
front 7 What organisms have a nucleus? | back 7 plants, animals |
front 8 What organisms have ribosomes and plasma membranes? | back 8 all |
front 9 What organisms have chloroplasts? | back 9 some prokaryotes (photosynthetic bacteria), plants |
front 10 What organisms have vacuoles? | back 10 some prokaryotes (contractile), plants (central), animals (small) |
front 11 What organisms have lysosomes? | back 11 animals |
front 12 peripheral proteins | back 12 located on the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane (e.g. digestive enzymes on the sides or attached to integral proteins) |
front 13 integral proteins | back 13 firmly bound to plasma membrane (integral to it!), transport large molecules, amphipathic |
front 14 transmembrane proteins | back 14 integral proteins that extend all the way through the membrane (from the outer surface to the inner) |
front 15 adhesion proteins | back 15 plasma membrane protein functional group that forms junctions between adjacent cells |
front 16 receptor proteins | back 16 plasma membrane protein functional group that serves as docking site for arrivals at cells (e.g. takes in hormones) |
front 17 transport proteins | back 17 plasma membrane functional group that forms channels that selectively allow the passage of ions or molecules |
front 18 cell surface markers | back 18 plasma membrane protein functional group exposed on the extracellular surface and plays a role in cell recognition and adhesion (e.g. glycoproteins, glycolipids) |
front 19 carbohydrate side chains | back 19 attached to the surface of some proteins only on the outer surface of the membrane |
front 20 70S ribosomes | back 20 in prokaryotes, smaller, free-floating |
front 21 80S ribosomes | back 21 in eukaryotes, larger, free-floating or attached |
front 22 glycosylation | back 22 adds glucose to a protein in secretory protein synthesis |
front 23 calcium ions in the SER | back 23 necessary for muscle contraction (nerve signal sent to calcium ions which leak into cytosol which triggers contraction) |
front 24 cis face | back 24 closest to the RER, takes in |
front 25 medial face | back 25 middle face of the Golgi apparatus, modifies materials to chemically mark and sort and transport them with GLYCOPROTEINS |
front 26 trans face | back 26 farthest from the RER, ships out |
front 27 lumen | back 27 contains the acidic pH of the lysosome and hydrolytic enzymes |
front 28 How are lysosomes formed? | back 28 made when vesicles with specific enzymes from the trans Golgi fuse with vesicles from endocytosis |
front 29 microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) | back 29 contain centrioles for centrosome formation and cell division |
front 30 central vacuole | back 30 stores vital chemicals, cell metabolism waste, water (retains for Turgor pressure); crowds other organelles |
front 31 contractile vacuoles | back 31 expel water from protists (hub expels while spokes collect) |
front 32 peroxisomes | back 32 detoxify various substances by oxidizing / neutralizing them, produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct (enzymes inside must break down into oxygen and water), common in liver and kidney cells |
front 33 microfilaments | back 33 made of actin monomers; help cell change shape / grow / shrink in cytokinesis, muscle contraction, pseudopodia extensions for cell movement |
front 34 intermediate filaments | back 34 rope-like fibrous proteins; reinforcing rods for tensions and anchor organelles |
front 35 microtubules | back 35 made of tubulin (globular proteins); elongate with tubulin pairs added or removed, anchor organelles, guide organelle movement in the cytoplasm, in flagella and cilia |
front 36 Gram positive | back 36 no extra lipid membrane, less dangerous in bacteria (thicker peptidoglycan layer, purple) |
front 37 Gram negative | back 37 outer lipid membrane, one side touches membrane and the other the lamella (extracellular matrix), more dangerous in bacteria (thin peptidoglycan layer, pink/red) |
front 38 extracellular matrix | back 38 a sticky glycoprotein layer which holds cells together and uses proteins to regulate cell behavior in the plasma membrane |
front 39 plasmodesmata | back 39 cell junction in plant cells, allows for small molecules and water to move between cells and cell communication |
front 40 tight cell junction | back 40 binds cells into a leak proof sheet |
front 41 anchoring cell junction | back 41 connects adjacent cells using cytoskeletal fibers |
front 42 communicating cell junction | back 42 allows small molecules and water to move between cells |
front 43 nonfacilitated diffusion | back 43 passive transport through the plasma membrane (must be small, nonpolar, noncharged, hydrophobic) |
front 44 aquaporin | back 44 water-specific channels that help water quickly diffuse across the membrane (since it is polar, takes forever to get across otherwise) |
front 45 substances that use facilitated diffusion | back 45 glucose, amino acids, atomic ions (Ca+, K+, Cl+, Na+), water |
front 46 resting membrane potential | back 46 difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell, determined by the concentration gradient of ions across the plasma membrane and the membrane permeability of each ion (e.g. Na+ and K+ in the sodium-potassium pump move down their gradients via channels, a separation of charge is created that makes resting potential) |
front 47 equilibrium potential | back 47 the potential that would be generated by an ion if it were the only ion in the system (e.g. K+ in the sodium-potassium pump) |
front 48 polarized membrane | back 48 created as ions move across the membrane (gives positive charge on one side and negative on the other, producing resting potential in living cells) |
front 49 sodium-potassium pump | back 49 an active transport mechanism that consumes ATP to move 3 NA+ out and 2K+ in against their concentration gradients |
front 50 tonicity | back 50 term used to describe osmotic gradients with solutions in a cell (e.g. hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic) |
front 51 isosmotic, hyperosmotic, hyposmotic | back 51 terms used to describe osmotic gradients when comparing two solutions, not necessarily in a cell |
front 52 Does the same net movement occur no matter the solute kinds? | back 52 yes |
front 53 Is the direction of osmosis determined by the total difference in solute concentration? | back 53 yes, water moves based on the TOTAL concentration of solutes combined, not individual solutes (e.g. seawater has many different solutes but loses water to a solution with a higher concentration of a single solute) |
front 54 osmoregulation | back 54 how cells control water balance |
front 55 When are exocytosis and endocytosis used? | back 55 for LARGE molecules |
front 56 bulk flow | back 56 the one-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure (e.g. pumping of blood through a blood vessel or the movement of fluids in the xylem and phloem of plants) |
front 57 xylem | back 57 the vascular tissue responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant |
front 58 phloem | back 58 the vascular tissue that carries organic nutrients (e.g. sugars) from photosynthetic areas of the plant to non-photosynthetic areas. |
front 59 transpiration | back 59 water evaporates, creating a negative pressure that aids in bulk flow within xylem (water is pulled upward) |
front 60 dialysis | back 60 diffusion of SOLUTES across a selectively permeable membrane (e.g. kidney dialysis filters blood using machines and concentration gradients) |