front 1 main trace elements | back 1 iron, iodine, copper, zinc |
front 2 isotope | back 2 same number of protons, different number of neutrons |
front 3 radiometric dating | back 3 a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed |
front 4 compounds | back 4 2+ individual elements combined in a fixed ratio |
front 5 covalent bond | back 5 two atoms SHARE one or more pairs of outer shell electrons |
front 6 ionic bonds | back 6 formed when electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to the other |
front 7 What electronegative atoms do hydrogen atoms typically form hydrogen bonds with? | back 7 nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine |
front 8 hydrogen bond | back 8 a weak attraction between a covalently bonded (partially positive) hydrogen atom with another electronegative atom |
front 9 ion | back 9 atoms or molecules with electrical charges (from a gain or loss of 1+ electrons) |
front 10 polar covalent | back 10 electrons shared UNEQUALLY (polar molecule) |
front 11 nonpolar covalent | back 11 electrons shared EQUALLY |
front 12 polar | back 12 having electrical or magnetic polarity, two opposites |
front 13 cohesion | back 13 strong tendency to stick together (e.g. transpiration, capillary action) |
front 14 adhesion | back 14 stick to other substances, specifically polar ones (e.g. difficult to separate glass films with water between, capillary action) |
front 15 surface tension | back 15 hydrogen bonds at the surface hold together via cohesion (e.g. leaves sit on top of water) |
front 16 key properties of water | back 16 less dense solid than liquid (expands when freezes), cohesion, adhesion, solvent for polar / charged molecules, high specific heat capacity, high heat of vaporization |
front 17 specific heat capacity | back 17 amount needed to increase temperature by one degree |
front 18 heat of vaporization | back 18 heat needed for a substance to boil |
front 19 acidic | back 19 gives H+ to a solution (protons!), below 7 |
front 20 basic (alkaline) | back 20 compound that accepts H+ and gives OH-, above 7 |
front 21 neutral | back 21 pure water, not acidic or basic, exactly 7 |
front 22 alkaline | back 22 having a pH greater than 7 |
front 23 What does an increase in H+ ions do to a solution? | back 23 decrease its pH |
front 24 pH scale (potential hydrogen) | back 24 used to describe a solutions acidity, ranges from 0-14, each unit is 10x change to the H+ of a solution (base 10) |
front 25 organic compound | back 25 made by living cells/organisms, must contain carbon |
front 26 inorganic compounds | back 26 chemical compound that lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds |
front 27 dehydration synthesis (condensation) | back 27 FORMS covalent bonds between monomers to form a polymer by removing a water molecule |
front 28 hydrolysis | back 28 BREAKS bonds between monomers, uses water |
front 29 carbohydrates | back 29 sugars, used for energy fuel, CHO |
front 30 disaccharide | back 30 two monosaccharides linked via dehydration synthesis (e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose) |
front 31 glycosidic linkage | back 31 when two monosaccharides are joined, hydrogen (-H) links with hydroxyl (-OH) → water, hold hands via one oxygen molecule |
front 32 glucose | back 32 monosaccharide used in photosynthesis for energy |
front 33 fructose | back 33 common monosaccharide in fruits |
front 34 How do you recognize glucose or fructose? | back 34 lots of OHs and Hs attached, C6H12O6 (isomers) |
front 35 What is starch made of? | back 35 amylose and amylopectin with alpha bonds between glucose |
front 36 starch | back 36 sugar storage molecule in plants |
front 37 amylose | back 37 unbranched polysaccharide, linear |
front 38 amylopectin | back 38 branched chains of glucose monomers |
front 39 cellulose | back 39 in plant cell walls (fiber) and fungus / arthropod exoskeletons, made of beta glucose, linked with beta bonds (stronger), lots of cross links |
front 40 glycogen | back 40 sugar storage molecule in animals mainly in liver and muscle cells, linked with alpha bonds |
front 41 amino group | back 41 N connected to two H's, in amino acids (NH2) |
front 42 carboxyl group | back 42 C double bonded to an O and single bonded to an OH, in amino acids (COOH) |
front 43 R-group (side chains) | back 43 determine properties of different amino acids; elements, polarity, charge, shape differentiate |
front 44 ionic | back 44 polar, charged |
front 45 protein | back 45 any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that have large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids, CHON(S) |
front 46 How is secondary structure held together? | back 46 hydrogen bonds between the H in the amino group and the O of the carboxyl group |
front 47 How is tertiary structure held together? | back 47 R groups attract each other (with hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties) |
front 48 How is quaternary structure held together? | back 48 bonding interactions of subunits / polypeptide chains |
front 49 chaperone proteins (chaperonins) | back 49 help protein fold properly, make process more efficient |
front 50 lipids | back 50 nonpolar (or amphipathic, mainly nonpolar) and hydrophobic compounds, CHO |
front 51 triglycerides | back 51 THREE fatty acids (chains). ONEEE GLYCEROLLLL. (glycerol backbone), fats and oils |
front 52 phospholipids | back 52 TWO fatty acids and phosphorus (amphipathic), make up plasma membrane |
front 53 steroids | back 53 4 carbon skeleton rings (3 hexagons, 1 pentagon), hormones and cholesterol in animal cell membranes |
front 54 ester linkage | back 54 linkage bond between lipids |
front 55 sugar-phosphate phosphodiester bonds | back 55 linkage bond between nucleic acids |
front 56 nucleotides | back 56 monomers of nucleic acids; made of a nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and a 5-carbon sugar |