front 1 - Method was based on two premises: - the dimensions of the human-bone system remain unchanged from age 20. - No two individuals have the same measurements at the 11 different locations that were chose. | back 1 Anthropometry |
front 2 system began in France around 1883 and was in wide use throughout the world until 1903. - it was proved its worth in identifying and helping to convict persons with prior conviction records. | back 2 anthropometry history |
front 3 - review particular details - provide evidence for forensic comparison purposes - document an injury has occured - convey information in courtroom | back 3 Purposes of crime scene photography |
front 4 - must be a fair and accurate representation of the scene it depicts - must be relevant to the matter at hand - must be properly authenticated (chain of custody) | back 4 3 points of qualifications of photos as evidence |
front 5 1. take long range shots of the scene 2. move to mid-range shots to show the context of evidence 3. take close up shots of individual pieces of evidence 4. try to change perspective of photographs 5. provide placards and scales | back 5 documenting a crime scene |
front 6 - fill the frame -maximize depth of field - keep lens perpendicular to subject | back 6 cardinal rules of crime scene photography |
front 7 - capture a clear, accurate, and complete record of the scene and evidence - maintain proper focus, exposure, and perspective | back 7 rules of investigative photography |
front 8 - alllow the photographer to answer questions about his/her work while giving testimony | back 8 Purpose of photo log |
front 9 What info does photo log contain? | back 9 - case number - data and time of photograph - location - descriptions of subject - camera settings (ISO, shutter speed, f-stop) |
front 10 - marker or label placed in a photograph to link the image to a specific case - usually includes case number, photographers name, and date | back 10 case identifier tag |
front 11 - intensity of a point-light-source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the source - as the distance increases, the light intensity decreases rapidly | back 11 inverse-square law how it relates to intensity |
front 12 - integrated into camera -least powerful - red eye problems | back 12 built-in flash |
front 13 - separate unit that can be mounted on the camera or positioned independently - generally more powerful - offer more control over lighting | back 13 external flash |
front 14 timing of the flash firing to coincide with the camera's shutter opening | back 14 flash synchronization |
front 15 - used to add light to shadowed areas of a subject - often used in bright daylight to reduce harsh shadows | back 15 fill flash |
front 16 - involved aiming the flash at a reflective surface (like a ceiling or wall) to diffuse the light and create softer illumination on the subject | back 16 bounce flash |
front 17 - softened light achieved by placing a diffuser over the flash to scatter the light | back 17 diffused flash |
front 18 - used in low-light conditions - a light source is moved during a long exposure to illuminate different parts of the scene | back 18 painting with light |
front 19 - strap should be around neck - lens cap on when not in use - camera should be stores in a cool/dry place | back 19 handling the camera |
front 20 Why are tripods needed? | back 20 - stabilize the camera, especially during long exposures or macrophotography - prevent camera shake - ensure sharp images |
front 21 - camera is positioned at a 90ยบ angle perpendicular to the subject - the closer the camera is to the subject, the more distortion arises | back 21 examination quality photographs using a tripod |
front 22 scientific working group- imaging technology | back 22 SWGIT |
front 23 documentation images used to record a time, place, or event - general crime scene or investigative images, including images of physical evidence collected at the crime scene - surveillance images - autopsy images - mug shots - documentation of items of evidence | back 23 category 1 images |
front 24 evidentiary images used for scientific analysis and comparison - latent prints - bloodstain pattern images - questioned documents - tool mark images - gunshot residue images - impression evidence other images subject to analysis | back 24 category 2 |
front 25 - fundamental units of digital information - represents binary values that make up a digital image | back 25 bits of data |
front 26 data that provides information about other data - includes details about the image such as camera setting, date, and time - important for verifying the authenticity and integrity of the image | back 26 metadata |
front 27 Whata are the best practices in digital image enhancement? | back 27 - start with the best possible image - preserve the original image -make enhancements to a copy of the original image - be able to authenticate both the original and enhanced images to prove their authenticity and integrity - maintain enhancement history for digitally processed images - follow standard operating procedure that defines the digital imaging process from the point a digital image is acquired until the image is presented in courtroom |
front 28 - use JPG file format - detaailed enhancement history not required - agency can specify in its SOP precisely what image editing functions may be used to enhance image | back 28 enhancement category 1 |
front 29 - use noncompressed file format (RAW or TIF) - detailed enhancement history must be maintained for all images - basic enhancement techniques must be documented becasue they can affect the results when used with advanced enhancement techniques on same digital image | back 29 enhancement category 2 |
front 30 the range of tones that a camera can capture, from the darkest shadow to the brightest highlights | back 30 dynamic range |
front 31 - occurs when the image data exceeds the maximum or min recordable values - results in loss of detail in highlights or shadows | back 31 clipping |
front 32 - Fast Fourier Transform - algorithm used to decompose and image into its frequency components - useful for certain types of image processing | back 32 FFT |
front 33 - repetitive patterns generate unique energy spikes or signatures that appear in different locations in the frequency domain - these spikes can be removed without altering the fingerprint data ex: dust shoe print, subtract fabric pattern, and invert and expand contrast | back 33 removing background from images |
front 34 - records the sequence of edits made to an image, allowing users to undo changes or review the editing process - crucial in forensic image enhancement as it provides a record of all modifications, ensuring transparency and admissibility in court | back 34 history log of enhanced images |
front 35 how to start/view history log? | back 35 1. go to edit > history log 2. click to check history log box, turning it on, and select following options: - save log items to: metadata - edit log items: detailed |
front 36 - graphical representation of the tonal distribution in an image - used to assess exposure and adjust | back 36 histogram analysis |
front 37 look at histogram pictures | back 37 no data |
front 38 - used to achieve close-up, highly detailed photographs - diopters (close up filter) - extension tubes - bellows - reversing rings - macro lenses | back 38 macrophotography accessories |
front 39 - control light and eliminate shadows at close distances - ring-flash - macro-flash - flash direction - flash intensity - reflection | back 39 macrophotography lighting |
front 40 - the ratio of the size of an object on the image sensor to its actual size - the higher range of magnification - the more difficult the project - the less the depth of field - the more light is necessary | back 40 magnification |
front 41 -meaning it can be easily be degraded or even washed away | back 41 transient evidence |
front 42 - important for reproducing crime scenes especially in the courtroom - mapping out quadrants to create a scaled documentation of bloodstaining - best for flat surfaces | back 42 quadrant mapping |
front 43 - open aperture to decrease depth of field - consider adding contrasting background to make the staining more visible - | back 43 photographing blood on glass |
front 44 - take long, mid, and close-up photos of individual - establish locations of stains and if suspect or victim | back 44 photographing bloodstains on a person |
front 45 - use different lighting techniques like infrared lighting or color filters attached to the lens of the camera - use pointers | back 45 photographing blood on clothes |
front 46 What does luminol and BlueStar react to? | back 46 react with iron found in blood (hemoglobin) which causes the fluoresence |
front 47 What does luminol and Bluestar useful? | back 47 - easier to find hidden or cleaned-up bloodstains |
front 48 Explain why maintaining the integrity of images is crucial in forensic photography | back 48 to ensure admissibility in court and an alteration that isnt documented can compromise the reliability and validity of evidence |
front 49 Three common mistakes that can compromise admissibility of forensic photography? | back 49 - failure to maintain photo log - improper chain of custody - unauthorized image manipulation |
front 50 Discuss ethical consideration a photographer must keep in mind? | back 50 objectivity, accuracy, avoiding sensationalism, and repecting privacy |
front 51 refers to the ability of an item of evidence to assist in the exploration of an issue | back 51 probative value |
front 52 evidence excited the jury or produced feelings of sympothy and/or outrage which could affect their decision | back 52 prejudicial effect |