front 1 Primary function of respiratory system | back 1 Transport oxygen from air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to air |
front 2 Upper respiratory tract | back 2 Includes nasal cavity pharynx and larynx warms moistens and filters air |
front 3 Lower respiratory tract | back 3 Includes trachea bronchi bronchioles and alveoli and is the main site of gas exchange |
front 4 Alveoli | back 4 Thin walled air sacs lined with simple squamous epithelium and surfactant where gas exchange occurs |
front 5 Surfactant | back 5 Substance reducing surface tension to keep alveoli inflated |
front 6 Ventilation | back 6 Movement of air into and out of lungs driven by pressure gradients |
front 7 Boyles law in breathing | back 7 Air moves from high pressure to low pressure during inspiration and expiration |
front 8 Tidal volume | back 8 Amount of air exchanged in normal breathing |
front 9 Vital capacity | back 9 Maximum air that can be inhaled and exhaled with forced breathing |
front 10 Residual volume | back 10 Air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration |
front 11 Central chemoreceptors | back 11 Located in medulla detect CO2 and pH changes |
front 12 Peripheral chemoreceptors | back 12 Located in carotid bodies detect oxygen carbon dioxide and pH changes |
front 13 Hypercapnia | back 13 Increased carbon dioxide causing respiratory acidosis and increased respirations |
front 14 Hypocapnia | back 14 Low carbon dioxide usually from hyperventilation causing respiratory alkalosis |
front 15 Hypoxemia | back 15 Low oxygen level in blood stimulating respiratory drive |
front 16 Gas exchange mechanism | back 16 Gases diffuse across respiratory membrane based on partial pressure gradients |
front 17 Ventilation perfusion ratio | back 17 Matching of airflow and blood flow required for efficient gas exchange |
front 18 Spirometry | back 18 Pulmonary function test measuring lung volumes and airflow |
front 19 Arterial blood gas test | back 19 Measures oxygen carbon dioxide bicarbonate and blood pH |
front 20 Pulse oximetry | back 20 Measures oxygen saturation in blood |
front 21 Bronchoscopy | back 21 Visual examination of airways allowing biopsy and identification of bleeding or lesions |
front 22 Sputum culture | back 22 Identifies respiratory pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity |
front 23 General respiratory disease manifestation cough | back 23 Protective reflex removing irritants from airways |
front 24 Dyspnea | back 24 Subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing |
front 25 Cyanosis | back 25 Bluish discoloration due to increased deoxygenated hemoglobin |
front 26 Rales | back 26 Crackling breath sounds from fluid in alveoli |
front 27 Rhonchi | back 27 Low harsh sounds caused by thick mucus in airways |
front 28 Stridor | back 28 High pitched sound indicating upper airway obstruction |
front 29 Hemoptysis | back 29 Coughing up blood tinged sputum |
front 30 Common cold cause | back 30 Viral infection transmitted by respiratory droplets |
front 31 Common cold treatment | back 31 Supportive care antivirals and prevention through hygiene |
front 32 Sinusitis cause | back 32 Usually bacterial infection of sinus cavities |
front 33 Sinusitis treatment | back 33 Analgesics and antibiotics if bacterial |
front 34 Epiglottitis cause | back 34 Bacterial infection causing swelling of epiglottis and airway obstruction risk |
front 35 Epiglottitis key signs | back 35 Drooling difficulty swallowing anxiety tripod position |
front 36 Epiglottitis treatment | back 36 Oxygen therapy and antimicrobial drugs |
front 37 Influenza cause | back 37 Highly contagious viral infection with frequent mutation |
front 38 Influenza manifestations | back 38 Sudden fever fatigue body aches cough and possible viral pneumonia |
front 39 Influenza prevention | back 39 Vaccination respiratory hygiene antiviral medications |
front 40 Bronchiolitis cause | back 40 Respiratory syncytial virus infection of small bronchi and bronchioles |
front 41 Bronchiolitis manifestations | back 41 Wheezing dyspnea rapid shallow breathing fever cough |
front 42 Pneumonia definition | back 42 Inflammation of lung tissue with exudate in alveoli impairing gas exchange |
front 43 Lobar pneumonia cause | back 43 Usually Streptococcus pneumoniae producing consolidation in one lobe |
front 44 Lobar pneumonia sputum | back 44 Rust colored sputum due to alveolar exudate |
front 45 Bronchopneumonia pattern | back 45 Diffuse infection in multiple lung areas with purulent sputum |
front 46 Atypical pneumonia cause | back 46 Often Mycoplasma or viral organisms producing milder symptoms |
front 47 Tuberculosis cause | back 47 Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmitted by respiratory droplets |
front 48 Primary TB | back 48 Initial infection often asymptomatic with granuloma formation |
front 49 Active TB manifestations | back 49 Weight loss fever night sweats prolonged productive cough blood sputum |
front 50 TB diagnosis | back 50 Tuberculin skin test sputum culture chest radiograph |
front 51 TB treatment | back 51 Long term combination antibiotic therapy |
front 52 Cystic fibrosis cause | back 52 Genetic disorder producing thick tenacious mucus in lungs pancreas and ducts |
front 53 Cystic fibrosis lung effect | back 53 Mucus obstructs bronchi leading to infections and airflow limitation |
front 54 Cystic fibrosis diagnosis | back 54 Sweat test genetic testing pulmonary tests |
front 55 Cystic fibrosis treatment | back 55 Chest physiotherapy nutritional therapy infection control |
front 56 Lung cancer major risk | back 56 Smoking accounts for about 90 percent of cases |
front 57 Lung cancer early sign | back 57 Persistent cough hemoptysis chest pain |
front 58 Lung cancer diagnosis | back 58 CT scan radiography bronchoscopy biopsy |
front 59 Lung cancer treatment | back 59 Surgery chemotherapy radiation or ablation |
front 60 Asthma definition | back 60 Chronic inflammatory airway disease with hyperresponsive bronchi and reversible obstruction |
front 61 Extrinsic asthma | back 61 Triggered by allergic hypersensitivity reactions |
front 62 Intrinsic asthma | back 62 Triggered by infections stress cold exercise or irritants |
front 63 Asthma pathophysiology | back 63 Bronchoconstriction mucosal edema and thick mucus obstruct airways |
front 64 Asthma manifestations | back 64 Wheezing dyspnea chest tightness tachycardia hypoxia |
front 65 Status asthmaticus | back 65 Severe prolonged asthma attack not responding to treatment and potentially fatal |
front 66 Asthma treatment | back 66 Bronchodilators glucocorticoids avoidance of triggers maintenance inhalers |
front 67 COPD definition | back 67 Group of chronic progressive lung diseases causing irreversible airflow limitation |
front 68 Emphysema pathophysiology | back 68 Destruction of alveolar walls reducing surface area and causing air trapping |
front 69 Emphysema hallmark | back 69 Barrel chest from hyperinflated lungs and flattened diaphragm |
front 70 Emphysema manifestations | back 70 Progressive dyspnea weight loss fatigue prolonged expiration |
front 71 Chronic bronchitis definition | back 71 Productive cough for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years |
front 72 Chronic bronchitis pathophysiology | back 72 Inflamed thickened bronchi with mucus gland enlargement and fibrosis |
front 73 Chronic bronchitis manifestations | back 73 Chronic productive cough cyanosis dyspnea thick secretions |
front 74 COPD treatment | back 74 Smoking cessation bronchodilators vaccines oxygen therapy rehabilitation |
front 75 Pulmonary edema | back 75 Fluid accumulation in alveoli reducing oxygen diffusion and lung expansion |
front 76 Pulmonary edema signs | back 76 Cough orthopnea frothy sputum hypoxemia cyanosis |
front 77 Pulmonary embolus | back 77 Obstruction of pulmonary artery usually from deep vein thrombosis |
front 78 Pulmonary embolus signs | back 78 Sudden dyspnea chest pain tachycardia anxiety hypoxia |
front 79 Pulmonary embolus prevention | back 79 Anticoagulants early ambulation compression stockings |
front 80 Infant respiratory distress syndrome | back 80 Caused by surfactant deficiency in premature infants leading to alveolar collapse |
front 81 Infant RDS signs | back 81 Rapid shallow breathing cyanosis frothy sputum decreased breath sounds |
front 82 Infant RDS treatment | back 82 Synthetic surfactant oxygen CPAP ventilation support |
front 83 Adult respiratory distress syndrome | back 83 Acute inflammatory lung injury causing fluid leakage surfactant damage and severe hypoxia |
front 84 ARDS manifestations | back 84 Rapid shallow breathing dyspnea tachycardia respiratory and metabolic acidosis |
front 85 ARDS treatment | back 85 Supportive ventilation and treatment of underlying cause |
front 86 Acute respiratory failure | back 86 Inability of lungs to maintain adequate oxygenation or carbon dioxide removal |
front 87 Respiratory failure treatment | back 87 Treat underlying disorder and provide respiratory support |