front 1 Endocardium | back 1 Inner lining of the heart chambers and valves |
front 2 Myocardium | back 2 Muscular middle layer of the heart responsible for contraction |
front 3 Epicardium | back 3 Outer layer of the heart wall |
front 4 SA node | back 4 Primary pacemaker of the heart initiating electrical impulses |
front 5 AV node | back 5 Delays impulse to allow atrial contraction before ventricular contraction |
front 6 Bundle of His | back 6 Electrical pathway transmitting impulses from AV node to ventricles |
front 7 Purkinje fibers | back 7 Network distributing impulse throughout ventricles for coordinated contraction |
front 8 P wave on ECG | back 8 Atrial depolarization |
front 9 QRS complex on ECG | back 9 Ventricular depolarization |
front 10 T wave on ECG | back 10 Ventricular repolarization |
front 11 Cardiac output | back 11 Amount of blood pumped per minute equal to heart rate times stroke volume |
front 12 Stroke volume | back 12 Amount of blood ejected from ventricle each beat |
front 13 Blood pressure determinants | back 13 Cardiac output blood volume and peripheral resistance |
front 14 Electrocardiogram ECG | back 14 Records electrical activity of the heart and detects arrhythmias or infarction |
front 15 Echocardiogram | back 15 Ultrasound imaging showing heart structure valve movement and blood flow |
front 16 Angiography | back 16 Imaging using contrast dye to visualize coronary arteries and blockages |
front 17 Stress test | back 17 Evaluates heart function during exercise to detect ischemia |
front 18 Cardiac biomarkers | back 18 Troponin and other enzymes released during myocardial damage |
front 19 Lifestyle changes for cardiovascular disease | back 19 Weight loss exercise smoking cessation reduced salt reduced saturated fat stress control |
front 20 Vasodilators | back 20 Drugs that relax blood vessels reducing peripheral resistance and blood pressure |
front 21 Beta blockers | back 21 Drugs that decrease heart rate contractility and blood pressure |
front 22 Calcium channel blockers | back 22 Drugs that reduce myocardial contractility and vascular resistance |
front 23 ACE inhibitors | back 23 Drugs that block angiotensin II formation lowering blood pressure |
front 24 Diuretics | back 24 Drugs that increase urine output reducing blood volume and blood pressure |
front 25 Anticoagulants | back 25 Drugs that prevent clot formation |
front 26 Statins | back 26 Drugs that lower LDL cholesterol and reduce atherosclerosis risk |
front 27 LDL cholesterol | back 27 Transports cholesterol to tissues and promotes plaque formation |
front 28 HDL cholesterol | back 28 Removes cholesterol from tissues and transports it to the liver for removal |
front 29 Atheroma | back 29 Fatty plaque composed of lipids fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells in arterial wall |
front 30 Metabolic syndrome | back 30 Cluster including obesity insulin resistance hypertension and dyslipidemia increasing cardiovascular risk |
front 31 Angina pectoris | back 31 Chest pain caused by temporary myocardial ischemia without tissue death |
front 32 Stable angina | back 32 Chest pain triggered by exertion relieved by rest or nitroglycerin |
front 33 Myocardial infarction | back 33 Prolonged coronary obstruction causing myocardial tissue necrosis |
front 34 MI classic symptoms | back 34 Severe crushing chest pain radiating to arm neck or jaw dyspnea nausea sweating anxiety |
front 35 MI diagnostic markers | back 35 Elevated cardiac troponin abnormal ECG changes |
front 36 Sinus bradycardia | back 36 Heart rate below normal due to slowed SA node firing |
front 37 Sinus tachycardia | back 37 Heart rate above normal due to increased SA node firing |
front 38 Atrial fibrillation | back 38 Rapid chaotic atrial impulses producing irregular ventricular rhythm and clot risk |
front 39 Atrial flutter | back 39 Rapid regular atrial contractions often producing tachycardia |
front 40 Heart block | back 40 Impaired conduction between atria and ventricles |
front 41 Third degree heart block | back 41 Complete dissociation between atrial and ventricular activity |
front 42 Premature ventricular contraction | back 42 Early ventricular beat originating outside SA node |
front 43 Ventricular tachycardia | back 43 Rapid ventricular rhythm that may reduce cardiac output |
front 44 Ventricular fibrillation | back 44 Chaotic ventricular electrical activity causing loss of effective pumping and death if untreated |
front 45 Cardiac arrest | back 45 Complete cessation of effective cardiac activity and circulation |
front 46 Congestive heart failure | back 46 Heart unable to pump sufficient blood to meet body needs |
front 47 Common causes of CHF | back 47 Coronary artery disease hypertension myocardial infarction valve disease cardiomyopathy |
front 48 Forward effects of CHF | back 48 Reduced perfusion causing fatigue hypoxia and organ dysfunction |
front 49 Left sided heart failure | back 49 Backflow into pulmonary circulation causing pulmonary edema dyspnea cough orthopnea |
front 50 Right sided heart failure | back 50 Backflow into systemic veins causing peripheral edema hepatomegaly ascites jugular distention |
front 51 Pulmonary edema | back 51 Fluid accumulation in lungs impairing oxygen exchange |
front 52 Orthopnea | back 52 Difficulty breathing when lying flat relieved by sitting upright |
front 53 Essential hypertension | back 53 Persistent elevation of systemic blood pressure without identifiable secondary cause |
front 54 Hypertension mechanism | back 54 Increased peripheral resistance from arteriolar vasoconstriction |
front 55 Hypertension early stage | back 55 Often asymptomatic called silent disease |
front 56 Hypertension long term effects | back 56 Damage to heart kidneys brain and retina |
front 57 Hypertension risk factors | back 57 Age genetics obesity high salt intake smoking alcohol stress sedentary lifestyle |
front 58 Hypovolemic shock | back 58 Shock caused by major loss of blood or fluid leading to reduced circulating volume |
front 59 Cardiogenic shock | back 59 Shock due to severe heart failure preventing adequate cardiac output |
front 60 Septic shock | back 60 Distributive shock caused by systemic infection producing vasodilation and hypotension |
front 61 Anaphylactic shock | back 61 Severe allergic reaction causing widespread vasodilation airway constriction and hypotension |
front 62 Neurogenic shock | back 62 Loss of sympathetic vascular tone causing widespread vasodilation and hypotension |
front 63 Early shock signs | back 63 Anxiety tachycardia pale cool skin sweating decreased urine output |
front 64 Progressive shock effects | back 64 Metabolic acidosis organ failure renal failure ARDS DIC |
front 65 Compensatory shock response | back 65 Vasoconstriction increased heart rate and fluid retention to maintain perfusion |