front 1 Intracellular fluid (ICF) | back 1 Fluid inside cells |
front 2 Extracellular fluid (ECF) | back 2 Fluid outside cells including intravascular and interstitial fluid |
front 3 Hydrostatic pressure | back 3 Force that pushes fluid out of capillaries into tissues |
front 4 Osmotic pressure | back 4 Force that pulls water toward higher solute concentration |
front 5 Edema | back 5 Excess fluid accumulation in interstitial tissue causing swelling |
front 6 Four causes of edema | back 6 Increased hydrostatic pressure; decreased plasma proteins; lymphatic obstruction; increased capillary permeability |
front 7 Pitting edema | back 7 Indentation remains after pressing swollen tissue |
front 8 Dehydration | back 8 Insufficient body fluid due to low intake or excessive loss |
front 9 Isotonic dehydration | back 9 Equal loss of water and electrolytes |
front 10 Hypotonic dehydration | back 10 Greater electrolyte loss than water causing diluted plasma |
front 11 Hypertonic dehydration | back 11 Greater water loss than electrolytes causing concentrated plasma |
front 12 Common dehydration causes | back 12 Vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, diabetic ketoacidosis, inadequate H2O intake |
front 13 Signs of dehydration | back 13 Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, fatigue, low BP, increased hematocrit |
front 14 Body compensation for dehydration | back 14 Increased thirst, increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, concentrated urine |
front 15 Third-spacing | back 15 Fluid shift from bloodstream into tissues or cavities where it cannot be used for circulation |
front 16 Third-spacing effect | back 16 Hypovolemia despite fluid present in body |
front 17 Conditions causing third-spacing | back 17 Burns peritonitis severe inflammation |
front 18 Sodium main role | back 18 Primary extracellular cation controlling fluid balance and nerve conduction |
front 19 Hyponatremia definition | back 19 Low serum sodium levels below 135 mEq/L which causes fluid to shift into the cells. |
front 20 What can cause Hyponatremia? | back 20 Excessive sweating, diarrhea, and vomiting. Low Na+ Diet. Diuretic drugs. Low aldosterone (Not reabsorbing Na+), excess ADH (Increases the amount of H2O retained and not excreted), and adrenal insufficiency (responsible for producing aldosterone). Renal failure and drinking too much H2O. |
front 21 What are some effects of Hyponatremia? | back 21 Fatigue, cramps, impaired nerve conduction, fluid imbalances, low blood volume since the fluid shifted into the cells like brain cells. |
front 22 Hyponatremia fluid movement. | back 22 1. Low Na+ in blood (Less pull of H2O from the vasculature). 2. Low osmotic pressure (pull) in the ECF. 3. H2O shifts out of the blood. 4. Cells in the ECF have a higher osmotic pressure (pull) due to the K+ inside which pulls H2O inside the cell. 5. Cell swells and ruptures |
front 23 Hypernatremia definition | back 23 High serum sodium levels above 145 mEq/L which causes fluid to shift out of cells causing dehydration of tissues |
front 24 What can cause Hypernatremia? | back 24 Ingesting too much Na+. High H2O loss. Low ADH (Excreting a lot of fluid and leaving high levels of Na+ behind). Loss of thirst mechanism (Not drinking enough water). Diarrhea. |
front 25 What are some effects of Hypernatremia? | back 25 Weakness, agitation, Firm tissue, increased thirst with dry mucous membranes, and decreased urine output due to normal ADH secretion. |
front 26 Potassium main role | back 26 Primary intracellular cation critical for cardiac and muscle function |
front 27 Relationship of H+ and K+ | back 27 1. High H+ [ ] in blood. 2. H+ shifts out of the capillary and into the ECF. 3. In a cell in the ECF, the H+ will enter and displace the K+ that was already in there. 4. K+ is now in the ECF after being kicked out and will travel into the blood. 5. High K+ [ ] in the blood |
front 28 Hypokalemia definition | back 28 Low serum potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L |
front 29 What can cause Hypokalemia? | back 29 Diuretics, diarrhea, low intake of K+, excessive aldosterone (Promotes Na+ retention and K+ loss), insulin therapy (causes cells to uptake more K+=less K+ in the blood) |
front 30 What are some effects of Hypokalemia? | back 30 Cardiac dysrhythmias, fatigue, muscle weakness, Paresthesia (abnormal touch sensations, feeling of "pins and needles", decreased GI motility, Impaired renal functions (Can't concentrate urine or increased urine output), and respiratory weakness |
front 31 Electrocardiogram changes with K+ imbalances (Hypokalemia) | back 31 Prolonged PR interval, ST depression, shallow T wave, prominent U wave |
front 32 Hyperkalemia definition | back 32 High serum potassium levels above 5 mEq/L |
front 33 What can cause Hyperkalemia? | back 33 Renal failure (Not releasing enough K+=increased K+ amount in blood), tissue damage (leakage of intracellular K+ into ECF), acidosis (Displacement of K+ cells), potassium sparing diuretic drugs (Everything but K+ is getting excreted), Aldosterone deficit (body id not releasing enough K+) |
front 34 What are some effects of Hyperkalemia? | back 34 Cardiac dysrhythmias, fatigue, muscle weakness, paresthesia, nausea |
front 35 Electrocardiogram changes with K+ imbalances (Hyperkalemia) | back 35 Wide P wave, prolonged PR interval, decreased R wave height, widened QRS, Depressed ST segment, and tall peaked T wave |
front 36 Calcium main role | back 36 Bone strength nerve stability muscle contraction clotting enzyme function. Balance maintained by: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases Ca2+ absorption, and Calcitonin which lowers Ca2+. |
front 37 What can cause Hypocalcemia? | back 37 Hypoparathyroidism (underproduction of PTH which increases Ca2+ absorption), Malabsorption syndrome, Deficit serum albumin (Ca2+ often bound to these proteins), Increased pH (alkalosis), and renal failure (increased phosphate retention and loss of Ca2+) |
front 38 What are some effects of Hypocalcemia? | back 38 Muscle twitching, hyperactive reflexes, Chvostek sign (Spasm of the lip or face), Trousseau sign (carpopedal spasm when BP cuff blocks circulation to the hand), laryngospasm, arrhythmias (weak heart contractions) |
front 39 What can cause Hypercalcemia? | back 39 Neoplasms (malignant bone tumors due to uncontrolled Ca2+ release), Hyperparathyroidism (overproduction of PTH which increases Ca2+ absorption), decreased stress to bone, increased Ca2+ intake, Milk-alkali syndrome (High milk and antacid intake) |
front 40 What are some effects of Hypercalcemia? | back 40 Muscle weakness, lethargy, personality changes, kidney stones, dysrhythmias (increased strength of cardiac contractions), polyuria (high Ca2+ interferes with ADH), |
front 41 Magnesium role | back 41 Intracellular cation affecting neuromuscular function and linked to calcium and potassium |
front 42 What can cause Hypomagnesemia? | back 42 Due to malabsorption or malnutrition. Diuretics, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperparathyroidism, and hyperaldosteronism |
front 43 What are some effects of Hypomagnesemia? | back 43 Neuromuscular irritability, tremors, insomnia, personality changes, arrhythmias (Increased heart rate) |
front 44 What can cause Hypermagnesemia? | back 44 Renal failure |
front 45 What are some effects of Hypermagnesemia? | back 45 Depressed neuromuscular function, decreased reflexes, lethargy, cardiac arrhythmias |
front 46 Phosphate role | back 46 Located in bone but circulates in ICF and ECF. Functions: Bone mineralization, ATP metabolism, buffer system, cell membranes |
front 47 What can cause Hypophosphatemia? (Hypercalcemia) | back 47 Malabsorption, diarrhea, too many antacids, alkalosis, hyperthyroidism |
front 48 What are some effects of Hypophosphatemia? (Hypercalcemia) | back 48 Tremors, weak reflexes, paresthesia, confusion, poor blood cell function, anorexia |
front 49 What can cause Hyperphosphatemia? | back 49 Renal failure or tissue destruction releasing intracellular phosphate |
front 50 What are some effects of Hyperphosphatemia? (Hypocalcemia) | back 50 Neuromuscular irritability, tremors, insomnia, personality changes, arrhythmias (Increased heart rate) |
front 51 Chloride role | back 51 Major extracellular anion important for acid-base balance and follows sodium |
front 52 What can cause Hypochloremia? | back 52 Early stages vomiting, alkalosis, excessive sweating |
front 53 What are some effects of Hypochloremia? | back 53 Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitching, confusion, sleepiness |
front 54 What can cause Hyperchloremia? | back 54 Excess sodium chloride intake or dehydration |
front 55 What are some effects of Hyperchloremia? | back 55 Edema and weight gain |
front 56 Hyperchloremic alkalosis steps | back 56 1. Vomiting (loses HCl). 2. Stomach has low HCl levels. 3. Cl- moves from ECF to gastric secretions (stomach). 4. Cl- shifts from plasma to ECF. 5. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) moves out of RBC to replace the lost Cl-. 5. Increased HCO3- in blood leads to alkalosis |
front 57 Normal blood pH | back 57 7.35 to 7.45 |
front 58 Acidosis definition | back 58 Blood pH below normal range |
front 59 Alkalosis definition | back 59 Blood pH above normal range |
front 60 Main clinical buffer system | back 60 Sodium Bicarbonate carbonic acid buffer system |
front 61 Required bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio | back 61 20 to 1 |
front 62 Control of serum pH: Respiratory system in acidosis | back 62 Chemoreceptors (Peripheral/Carotid bodies and Central/Medulla oblongata) detect an increase in CO2 (decrease in pH) which stimulates increased respiration rate to drive off more CO2=raises pH |
front 63 Control of serum pH: Respiratory system in alkalosis | back 63 Respiratory rate reduced and more CO2 retained=lowering blood pH |
front 64 Respiratory acidosis | back 64 Increased CO2 retention from pneumonia, airway obstruction, opiates, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
front 65 Metabolic acidosis causes | back 65 Decreased availability of bicarbonate ions. Diarrhea, renal failure, lactic acid ketoacidosis, bicarbonate loss |
front 66 Respiratory alkalosis cause | back 66 Hyperventilation caused by anxiety, fever, aspirin overdose |
front 67 Metabolic alkalosis causes | back 67 Vomiting, hypokalemia, excessive antacid intake |
front 68 Metabolic acidosis compensation | back 68 Deep rapid breathing to remove CO2 |
front 69 Acid-base diagnostic test | back 69 Arterial blood gas analysis |
front 70 Compensation in acid-base imbalance | back 70 Respiratory cause= change in CO2 levels. Metabolic cause= change in bicarbonate levels |
front 71 Decompensation | back 71 Failure of lungs and kidneys to restore pH leading to life threatening imbalance |
front 72 The balance of water and electrolytes maintained by Thirst Mechanism in Hypothalamus? | back 72 This mechanism responds to osmoreceptors that detect changes in blood plasma osmolality. As the high plasma osmolality increases that triggers the thirst mechanism which results in low available H2O meaning we need to increase the amount of H2O intake. |
front 73 The balance of water and electrolytes maintained by Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)? | back 73 This hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to high plasma osmolality. It increases water reabsorption which reduces urine production. |
front 74 The balance of water and electrolytes maintained by Aldosterone? | back 74 It is a hormone released by the adrenal cortex and increases Na+ and H2O reabsorption in the kidneys. |
front 75 The balance of water and electrolytes maintained by Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? | back 75 It is a hormone released by cardiac muscle fibers in the atria when it senses pressure/stretch in the chamber and in response to high blood volume/pressure by the kidneys increasing renal sodium excretion which brings blood volume and BP down. |