front 1 General Virology & Tobacco Mosaic Disease | back 1 no data |
front 2 virus | back 2 smaller and simpler than eukaryotes and prokaryotes infectious particle consisting of little more than genes packaged in a protein coat cant reproduce, cant do metabolic actives outside of host virus latin root = poison obligate, intracellular parasite: can only replicate within a host cell |
front 3 tobacco mosaic disease | back 3 stunts the growth of tobacco plants gives tobacco plants mottled, mosaic, coloration Adolf Mayer transmittable by rubbing bad to good particle that causes = tobacco mosaic virus TMV |
front 4 structure of viruses viruses [] consisting of [] enclosed by [___] | back 4 Answer: infectious particle; one or more nucleic acid; protein coat and for some membranous envelope |
front 5 Genomes and Capsids | back 5 no data |
front 6 virus genome | back 6 can be double stranded dna (norm), single stranded dna, double strand rna, or single strand rna depending on virus |
front 7 capsid | back 7 protein shell enclosing the viral genome rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex helical viruses icosahedral viruses built from capsomeres |
front 8 helical | back 8 rod-shaped viruses, eg TMV rod shaped made of protein arranged in helix |
front 9 icosahedral viruses | back 9 polyhedral capsid that has 20 triangular facets |
front 10 capsomeres | back 10 proteins that make up capsids, many of them make up capsids |
front 11 bacteriophages | back 11 most complex capsid Infect e. coli 7 types |
front 12 viral envelopes | back 12 derived from membranes of host cell contain host cell phospholipids and membrane proteins contain proteins + glycoproteins of viral origin an accessory structure that helps viruses infect hosts |
front 13 Viral Replication & Phages | back 13 no data |
front 14 host range | back 14 viruses can only infect a limited number of host species. name of the range |
front 15 the lytic cycle | back 15 the pages replicative cycle that culminates in death of the host cell lyric = last stage of infection, when bacterium LYSES (breaks open) phages released that were produced within cell then phages can infect a healthy cell so a bacteria population can be destroyed a phage that only replicates in this cycle is virulent |
front 16 virulent phage | back 16 T4, a phage that replicates only by a lytic cycle |
front 17 lysogeny | back 17 state when phages [___] with host cells, prophages can generate active phages that lyse cells Answer: COEXIST |
front 18 the lysogenic cycle | back 18 allows replication of phage w/o killing host temperate phages |
front 19 temperate phages | back 19 lambda, phage that can go through both lysogenic and lytic cycles to replicate |
front 20 prophage | back 20 viral DNA integrated into the host cell's chromosome, lysogenic cycle |
front 21 Bacterial Defenses | back 21 no data |
front 22 bacterial defenses | back 22 natural selection favors bacteria w/ surface protein no longer recognized as receptor by particular phage when phage dna enters cell, foreign, so restriction enzyme cuts up |
front 23 restriction enzyme | back 23 cellular enzyme that restricts phage ability to replicate in bacterium |
front 24 bacterium dna | back 24 bacterium dna is methylated so that restriction enzyme doesnt attack own dna |
front 25 palindrome | back 25 dna sequence reading same backwards and forwards |
front 26 crispr | back 26 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated w/ a phage that had infected cell |
front 27 cas | back 27 crispr-associate proteins, identify and cut phage dna (defending cell from phage); uses portion of phage related rna to identify invading phage dna and cut it |
front 28 Animal Viruses & Retroviruses | back 28 no data |
front 29 viral envelopes | back 29 virus uses envelope to enter host cell |
front 30 replicative cycle of rna genome virus | back 30 glycoproteins on viral envelope bind to receptor molecules on host cell capsid and viral genome enter cell capsid digested by cellular enzyme, viral genome released viral genome functions as template for synthesis of complementary RNA by viral RNA polymerase copies of rna are made using complementary rna strands; complementary rna also mrna, so complementary rna translated to capsid proteins + glycoproteins for viral envelope (in ER and Golgi apparatus) vesicles transport envelope glycoproteins to plasma membrane capsid assembles around viral genome molecule new virus buds from the cell, envelope studded with glycoproteins embedded in membrane (from host cell) |
front 31 herpesvirus | back 31 envelope not derived from plasma membrane temporary cloacked in nuclear envelope derived envelope then shed and new golgi apparatus envelope double stranded dna genome that replicate in host dna |
front 32 retroviruses | back 32 RNA animal viruses with the most complicated replicative cycles retroviruses have an enzyme called [___] that transcribes and RNA remplace into a dna copy Answer: reverse transcriptase |
front 33 HIV | back 33 human immunodeficiency virus, causes AIDS |
front 34 AIDS | back 34 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, caused by HIV virus |
front 35 HIV cycle | back 35 1.) enters host cell 2.) reverse transcriptase molecules released into cytoplasm 3.) dna is made 4.) new DNA enters cell nucleus 5.) dna integrates into dna of a chromosome 6.) rna polymerase makes viral rna from this viral dna and viral proteins, new viruses released from cell |
front 36 provirus | back 36 integrated viral dna that never leaves the host genome, permanent resident of the cell |
front 37 Evolution & Medical Treatments | back 37 no data |
front 38 evolution of viruses | back 38 possible original source of viral genomes plasmids and transposons |
front 39 plasmid | back 39 small circular dna molecules found in bacteria and unicellular fungi called yeasts; exist apart from genome, replicate independently of genome. occasionally transferred between cells |
front 40 transposons | back 40 dna segments that can move from one location to another withing a cell's genome |
front 41 mobile genetic element | back 41 feature describing plasmids, transposons, and viruses |
front 42 vaccine | back 42 harmless derivative of a pathogen stimulating the immune system to mount defenses against harmful pathogen, taken BEFORE virus affects |
front 43 antibiotics | back 43 help us recover from bacterial infection, powerless against virus, they kill bacteria by inhibiting enzymes specific to bacteria but have little or no effect on eukaryotic/viral encoded enzymes |
front 44 acyclovir | back 44 impeded herpes virus replication; inhibits the viral polyamerase duplicating viral dna but not eukaryotic one |
front 45 azydothymidine (AZT) | back 45 curbs HIV replication, interfering with reverse transcriptase |
front 46 maraviroc | back 46 blocks protein on human immune cell binding to HIV virus |
front 47 Emerging Viruses & Plants | back 47 no data |
front 48 emerging virus | back 48 viruses suddenly become apparent (e.g. HIV) |
front 49 epidemic | back 49 a widespread outbreak (e.g. ebola, an emerging virus causing hemorragic fever; zika; chikungunya); occur when genetic changes allow a new viral strain to be easily transmitted between humans |
front 50 pandemic | back 50 a global epidemic |
front 51 recombination in spread | back 51 how can recombination cause viruses to spread rapidly? for example, in pigs. h1n1 rna strands are made up of 9 rna segments, which can mix and match, reassort, during ciral assembly, creating multiple genetic variations and combinations. when they reassort, they might acquire the ability to spread to humans |
front 52 horizontal transmission | back 52 an external source infects the plant. invading virus must get past epidermis of plant, plant becomes susceptible if external injury |
front 53 vertical transmission | back 53 plant inherits from parent |
front 54 plasmodesmata | back 54 the cytoplasmic connections that penetrate the walls between adjacent plant cells |
front 55 Prions | back 55 no data |
front 56 prions | back 56 infectious proteins, cause degenerative brain diseases in animal species misfolded form of a protein normally in brain cells scrapie in sheep, mad cow diseasem jakob disease in humans transmitted in food (mad cow disease, cannibalism of a prion host) long incubation (long time to show up) molecular basis, gets into cell containing normal form of protein, misfolds normal protein into prion alzheimers and parkinsons involvement |