front 1 Mircoevolution | back 1 the change in distribution of allele frequencies and their traits within a population/species over time |
front 2 Speciation | back 2 the formation of distinct species (groups between which individuals can successfully interbreed) |
front 3 Macroevolution | back 3 substantial changes in form over time |
front 4 Common Ancestry | back 4 All organisms descended from a common ancestorial stock of genes |
front 5 Transitional forms | back 5 Species showing a mix of traits between known ancestor and descendants |
front 6 Homology | back 6 similarity in structure due to same developmental evolutionary background (COMMON ANCESTOR!!) |
front 7 Convergence + Analogy | back 7 independent evolution of similar traits due to similar environments and lifestyles. analogy. opp. of homology. similarity in function or structure due to similar selective pressures not due to inheritance. |
front 8 Vestigial Structures | back 8 structures that lack their original function. structures that have gone missing. |
front 9 Adaptation | back 9 the development of traits that give individuals with the trait higher chance of survival and successful reproduction than others in their population. a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive and reproduce compared to individuals without the trait |
front 10 Externalist View (Adaptationist Programme + constraints) | back 10 organisms are malleable to natural selection and anything in the environment can cause a trait to be passed on Adaptationist programme- Natural selection is the only cause of evolution and everything developed due to selective pressures problems: assumes all traits are optimal, if a trait is incapable of variation, then it can't be adapted (color of blood), spandrels: random things that are not optimal adaptations they just are, this is a error in reasoning |
front 11 Internalist View | back 11 basic body plans must be considered as a whole system that adapts *with constraints* |
front 12 Exaptation | back 12 a structure that increases ability to survive that has changed function from the previous structure |
front 13 VIDA | back 13 variation, inheritance, differential survival, adaptation |
front 14 Darwinian Fitness | back 14 an individual's relative ability to survive and reproduce and contribute to the next generation compared to other individuals in the population |
front 15 Artificial Selection | back 15 breeding. choosing traits to pass on to the next generation |
front 16 Natural Selection | back 16 predictable, algorithmic, inefficient, non-random selection that acts upon individuals' phenotypes to change allele frequencies withing a population according to the rules of the game at the present moment. |
front 17 Sister Taxa | back 17 share the most common ancestor. look down and straight back up to find matches |
front 18 Polytomy | back 18 when 3 or more descendants are shown sharing a common ancestor that is unsure. tree is incomplete and the differentiating ancestor is missing |
front 19 Clade | back 19 a common ancestor and ALL of its descendants and NO ONE else |
front 20 Artificial Groups | back 20 like a clade but more random. a common ancestor and some descendants and maybe others that are not descendants but share qualities with the clade |
front 21 Reversal | back 21 secondary loss of characters. can be convergent reversal |
front 22 Evidence for Phylogenic Trees | back 22 Shared derived characters- new characters that pop up. not ancestral characters Morphological characters- similarity in form Genetic homology- similarity in sequence positions of DNA and RNA and proteins Rare genomic events- weird big things that happen that make big changes and differentiation |
front 23 Parsimony | back 23 the simplest solution is usually the correct solution. always assume the solution with the least number as changes |
front 24 Maximum Likelihood | back 24 a model of sequence evolution to evaluate trees based on branch orders and lengths of time |
front 25 Bootstrapping | back 25 duplicating data randomly multiple times over to get a larger set of data to analyze results from |
front 26 Genetic Drift | back 26 change in allele frequencies in a population due to natural disasters. is random |
front 27 Observational Studies | back 27 go out and watch. no manipulation. |
front 28 Experimental Manipulation | back 28 manipulate the environment or phenotype |
front 29 Comparative Methods | back 29 investigate how sets of traits evolve/pop up across populations/species to find evidence of adaptation WATCH OUT for common descent. not all adaptation is adaptation for real and can just be traits passed down ask the question when species diverge from a common starting point, if a trait change is there a predictable change in the other |
front 30 PIC | back 30 phylogenically independent contrasts. divergence considering common ancestors |