front 1 While still in the ovary, the ovum is in the: | back 1 A. Primary oocyte |
front 2 Shortly before release from the follicle, the primary oocyte nucleus
undergoes ___ and expels ___: | back 2 D. Meiosis; first polar body |
front 3 After the first polar body is expelled, the oocyte becomes a: | back 3 B. Secondary oocyte |
front 4 The chromosomes of the secondary oocyte are: | back 4 A. Unpaired |
front 5 Once 23 unpaired chromosomes are present, the oocyte is: | back 5 C. Ovulated into abdominal cavity |
front 6 Granulosa cells attached to the ovum constitute the: | back 6 B. Corona radiata |
front 7 The inner surfaces of the fimbriae are lined with: | back 7 D. Ciliated epithelium |
front 8 The fimbrial cilia are activated by ovarian: | back 8 D. Estrogen |
front 9 Transport of sperm is aided by uterine and tubal contractions
stimulated by: | back 9 A. Prostaglandins and oxytocin |
front 10 After penetrating granulosa layers, sperm must bind to and penetrate
the: | back 10 B. Zona pellucida |
front 11 Once a sperm enters the ovum, the oocyte will: | back 11 C. Form mature ovum plus second polar body |
front 12 On entering the ovum, the fertilizing sperm’s head swells to form
a: | back 12 A. Male pronucleus |
front 13 The 23 unpaired chromosomes of male and female pronuclei align to
re-form: | back 13 C. 46 chromosomes |
front 14 A fertilized ovum is called a: | back 14 B. Zygote |
front 15 Mature sperm carrying X versus Y chromosomes are distributed: | back 15 D. Half X, half Y |
front 16 After fertilization, additional time required for tubal transport
into the uterus is usually: | back 16 A. 3–5 days |
front 17 Fallopian tubes are lined with a rugged structure that impedes ovum
passage despite fluid current: | back 17 B. Cryptoid surface |
front 18 For about the first 3 days after ovulation, which structure remains
spastically contracted? | back 18 C. Isthmus |
front 19 Delayed transport through the fallopian tube allows: | back 19 D. Several stages of cell division |
front 20 The dividing ovum (per these notes) is called a: | back 20 B. Blastocyst |
front 21 The developing blastocyst remains in the uterine cavity for an
additional: | back 21 A. 1–3 days |
front 22 Before implantation, blastocyst nutrition comes from uterine
endometrial secretions called: | back 22 D. Uterine milk |
front 23 Implantation results from the action of cells developing over the
blastocyst surface called: | back 23 C. Trophoblast cells |
front 24 In early implantation, which cells secrete proteolytic enzymes that
liquefy adjacent endometrium? | back 24 D. Trophoblast cells |
front 25 The term for the embryo plus associated membranes is: | back 25 B. Conceptus |
front 26 Continued progesterone secretion causes endometrial cells to: | back 26 A. Swell further |
front 27 After swelling and nutrient storage, endometrial cells
become: | back 27 C. Decidual cells |
front 28 As trophoblast invades decidua, released nutrients are used by
the: | back 28 A. Embryo |
front 29 Placental nutrition becomes available after about the: | back 29 C. 16th day |
front 30 Around 21 days after fertilization, blood begins to be pumped by
the: | back 30 D. Embryonic heart |
front 31 Maternal blood surrounding trophoblastic cords is supplied
by: | back 31 B. Blood sinuses |
front 32 Which sequence correctly describes fetal blood flow through the
placenta? | back 32 C. Two umbilical veins → chorionic villi → one umbilical artery |
front 33 Maternal placental blood flow follows: | back 33 A. Uterine arteries → intervillous sinuses → uterine veins |
front 34 Most nutrient transfer across placental membrane occurs by: | back 34 D. Diffusion |
front 35 The placenta’s major diffusion role includes transfer of: | back 35 B. Mother → fetus oxygen |
front 36 The placenta also supports diffusion of fetal: | back 36 C. Excretory products to mother |
front 37 Placental permeability increases later in pregnancy mainly
because: | back 37 A. Membrane thins, area expands |
front 38 The predominant hemoglobin type in fetal blood is: | back 38 A. Fetal hemoglobin |
front 39 The principle that Hb carries more O₂ at low PCO₂ is the: | back 39 D. Bohr effect |
front 40 Loss of CO₂ makes fetal blood more: | back 40 B. Alkaline |
front 41 The only route for fetal CO₂ excretion is through the: | back 41 C. Placenta |
front 42 Glucose supply to trophoblast cells occurs via: | back 42 B. Facilitated diffusion |
front 43 The placenta forms especially large quantities of: | back 43 D. hCG, estrogens, progesterone, hCS |
front 44 In a nonpregnant woman, menstruation usually occurs about ___ days
after ovulation: | back 44 C. 14 |
front 45 Sloughing of the endometrium in early pregnancy is prevented mainly
by: | back 45 B. Human chorionic gonadotropin |
front 46 Glycoprotein that prevents corpus luteum involution is: | back 46 D. Human chorionic gonadotropin |
front 47 If the corpus luteum is removed before ~7 weeks, what usually
occurs? | back 47 A. Spontaneous abortion |
front 48 hCG stimulates fetal testes via ___ cells to produce
testosterone: | back 48 C. Interstitial |
front 49 Placenta, like the corpus luteum, secretes: | back 49 B. Estrogen and progesterone |
front 50 Placental cells that secrete estrogen/progesterone are: | back 50 A. Syncytial trophoblast cells |
front 51 Placental estrogen is synthesized mostly from adrenal: | back 51 B. Androgenic steroid compounds |
front 52 Key estrogen precursors provided by maternal and fetal adrenals
include: | back 52 B. DHEA and 16-OH DHEA |
front 53 Late pregnancy pelvic ligament changes are mainly: | back 53 C. Relaxation of pelvic ligaments |
front 54 Marked breast ductal growth in pregnancy is most linked to
high: | back 54 A. Estrogens |
front 55 Enlargement of maternal external genitalia during pregnancy is driven
mainly by: | back 55 A. Estrogens |
front 56 Progesterone promotes pregnancy by decreasing: | back 56 C. Contractility of pregnant uterus |
front 57 Progesterone supports the uterine lining by causing development
of: | back 57 B. Decidual cells |
front 58 Hormone contributing to conceptus development even before
implantation: | back 58 B. Progesterone |
front 59 Progesterone helps estrogen prepare the mother’s breasts for: | back 59 A. Lactation |
front 60 Hormone increasing progressively in proportion to placental
weight: | back 60 B. Human chorionic somatomammotropin |
front 61 Human chorionic somatomammotropin acts as a general: | back 61 C. Metabolic hormone |
front 62 During pregnancy, which gland enlarges ≥50% and increases
corticotropin, thyrotropin, prolactin? | back 62 D. Anterior pituitary |
front 63 Rate of adrenocortical secretion moderately increased in
pregnancy: | back 63 A. Glucocorticoids |
front 64 Pregnant women usually have about a twofold increase in: | back 64 C. Aldosterone |
front 65 The aldosterone rise in pregnancy can lead to: | back 65 C. Pregnancy-induced hypertension |
front 66 Thyroid gland typically doubles in size, increasing production
of: | back 66 A. Thyroxine |
front 67 Parathyroid enlargement in pregnancy occurs because of
mother’s: | back 67 B. Diet |
front 68 Parathyroid-related adaptation may maintain normal Ca²⁺ by: | back 68 A. Calcium absorption from maternal bones |
front 69 Hormone secreted by corpus luteum and placenta that promotes high hCG
and high estrogen/progesterone output: | back 69 D. Relaxin |
front 70 Average maternal weight gain during pregnancy is about: | back 70 A. 25–35 lb |
front 71 Beyond nutrition, milk also provides newborn: | back 71 D. Protection against infection |
front 72 Colostrum is characterized by: | back 72 C. Protein lactose, almost no fat |
front 73 Despite breast development, estrogen/progesterone inhibit: | back 73 B. Actual milk secretion |
front 74 Hormones important for breast ductal growth include: | back 74 D. Estrogen, GH, prolactin, glucocorticoids, insulin |
front 75 Postpartum vaginal discharge from placental-site autolysis
is: | back 75 A. Lochia |
front 76 Labor pain signals reach CNS primarily via: | back 76 C. Somatic nerves |
front 77 After birth, continued uterine contraction causes placental: | back 77 D. Shearing effect separates placenta |
front 78 Full dilation with membrane rupture and delivery is: | back 78 B. Second stage of labor |
front 79 Cervical softening/stretching with labor onset is: | back 79 C. First stage of labor |
front 80 First major obstruction to fetal expulsion is: | back 80 A. Uterine cervix |
front 81 Buttocks/feet-first entry into birth canal is: | back 81 D. Breech presentation |
front 82 Intermittent labor contractions are beneficial because: | back 82 B. Placental flow could stop |
front 83 Labor contraction waves typically go from the: | back 83 A. Fundus, spreading downward |
front 84 Another positive feedback mechanism is: | back 84 C. Cervix stretch releases oxytocin |
front 85 Positive feedback during labor includes: | back 85 D. Cervix stretch amplifies contractions |
front 86 Strong forces producing final parturition are: | back 86 B. Labor contractions |
front 87 Weak, slow rhythmic uterine contractions are: | back 87 C. Braxton Hicks contractions |
front 88 Cervical stretching can increase oxytocin via: | back 88 A. Cervix stretch triggers oxytocin reflex |
front 89 Supporting evidence for oxytocin in labor: | back 89 B. Labor prolonged after hypophysectomy |
front 90 Another pro-oxytocin change near term is: | back 90 D. Oxytocin secretion rate rises |
front 91 Evidence oxytocin matters near term includes: | back 91 A. More uterine oxytocin receptors |
front 92 Near term, which ratio rises? | back 92 C. Estrogen-to-progesterone ratio |
front 93 Hormones that increase uterine contractility via gap
junctions: | back 93 B. Estrogens |
front 94 Hormone that inhibits uterine contractility during pregnancy: | back 94 D. Progesterone |
front 95 Two major drivers of parturition contractions are: | back 95 C. Hormonal excitability, mechanical changes |
front 96 Severe pregnancy hypertension is acutely treated with rapid: | back 96 A. Vasodilating agents |
front 97 Preeclampsia plus clonic seizures/coma is: | back 97 B. Eclampsia |
front 98 Late-pregnancy hypertension with heavy proteinuria is: | back 98 D. Preeclampsia |