front 1 Parathyroid glands share embryologic origin with the: | back 1 C. Thymus |
front 2 The parathyroid gland is composed of which two main cell
types? | back 2 A. Chief cells and oxyphil cells |
front 3 The primary function of the parathyroid gland is regulation
of: | back 3 D. Calcium homeostasis |
front 4 Vitamin D is biologically active primarily in which form? | back 4 B. Dihydroxy form |
front 5 A patient with elevated PTH is expected to have increased urinary
excretion of: | back 5 B. Phosphate |
front 6 Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by a
parathyroid: | back 6 D. Adenoma |
front 7 A common cause of sporadic parathyroid adenomas is loss of the tumor
suppressor: | back 7 B. Menin (MEN1) |
front 8 CDC73 abnormalities are implicated in: | back 8 A. Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome |
front 9 An oxyphil cell parathyroid adenoma most resembles which thyroid
tumor type? | back 9 D. Hurthle cell tumor |
front 10 Which statement matches gland involvement? | back 10 A. Carcinomas multiple; adenomas one |
front 11 The common skeletal manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism
include: | back 11 A. Osteoporosis brown tumors osteitis fibrosa |
front 12 Severe hyperparathyroidism most characteristically causes: | back 12 B. Metastatic calcification |
front 13 The most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism is: | back 13 C. Renal failure |
front 14 Chronic renal insufficiency is associated with decreased: | back 14 D. Phosphate secretion |
front 15 Which enzyme is necessary to synthesize the active form of vitamin
D? | back 15 B. Alpha1-hydroxylase |
front 16 In secondary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid glands are
typically: | back 16 C. Hyperplastic |
front 17 Hypoparathyroidism is rare and is most often due to: | back 17 D. Surgery |
front 18 Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism most commonly involves mutations
in: | back 18 A. AIRE |
front 19 Autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism is classically caused
by: | back 19 C. CASR gain-of-function |
front 20 CASR gain-of-function causes hypoparathyroidism because it: | back 20 B. Heightens calcium sensing, lowers PTH |
front 21 Familial isolated hypoparathyroidism is most classically due
to: | back 21 A. Autosomal recessive GCM2 loss-of-function |
front 22 The hallmark clinical feature of hypoparathyroidism is: | back 22 A. Tetany |
front 23 Positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs most strongly suggest: | back 23 C. Hypoparathyroidism |
front 24 Osteitis fibrosa cystica is also called: | back 24 B. von Recklinghausen bone disease |
front 25 A lytic skeletal lesion classically seen in primary
hyperparathyroidism is: | back 25 D. Brown tumor |
front 26 Menin is encoded by which gene? | back 26 B. MEN1 |
front 27 With CASR gain-of-function, the receptor “believes” serum calcium
is: | back 27 C. Higher than actual |
front 28 Defective alpha1-hydroxylase most directly reduces: | back 28 A. Dihydroxy vitamin D |
front 29 Tapping a nerve causes facial twitching and eye muscle contractions.
This is: | back 29 C. Chvostek sign |
front 30 The Chvostek sign is elicited by tapping the: | back 30 A. Facial nerve |
front 31 In a positive Chvostek sign, tapping induces: | back 31 D. Eye muscle contractions |
front 32 The Trousseau sign is best described as: | back 32 B. Carpal spasm with cuff |
front 33 Thyroid function can be inhibited by agents called: | back 33 A. Goitrogens |
front 34 Propylthiouracil most directly acts by: | back 34 D. Inhibiting iodide oxidation |
front 35 Calcitonin lowers serum calcium primarily by: | back 35 B. Promoting skeletal calcium uptake |
front 36 The most common cause of thyrotoxicosis is: | back 36 C. Graves disease |
front 37 Hyperthyroidism is typically associated with increased: | back 37 C. Sympathetic tone |
front 38 Abrupt onset of severe hyperthyroidism in Graves is termed: | back 38 D. Thyroid storm |
front 39 Radioiodine uptake confined to one nodule most suggests: | back 39 B. Toxic adenoma |
front 40 Worldwide congenital hypothyroidism is most often due to: | back 40 C. Iodine deficiency |
front 41 Most autoimmune hypothyroidism is caused by: | back 41 A. Hashimoto disease |
front 42 Drugs like methimazole and propylthiouracil generally: | back 42 B. Inhibit thyroid secretion |
front 43 A common lipid abnormality in hypothyroidism is high: | back 43 D. LDL |
front 44 Nonpitting edema in hypothyroidism is due to deposition of: | back 44 C. Glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronate |
front 45 Hashimoto thyroiditis commonly features antibodies against: | back 45 A. Thyroglobulin and TPO |
front 46 Hashimoto thyroiditis is characterized histologically by: | back 46 D. Hurthle cells |
front 47 Painless nodules with anti-TPO, grossly normal, and large germinal
centers suggests: | back 47 B. Hashimoto thyroiditis |
front 48 Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis typically shows fibrosis and Hurthle
metaplasia that: | back 48 C. Are absent |
front 49 Granulomatous thyroiditis is most often: | back 49 B. Viral |
front 50 Granulomatous thyroiditis commonly shows: | back 50 D. Multinucleate giant cells |
front 51 A classic Graves triad feature is: | back 51 B. Pretibial myxedema |
front 52 A classic Graves triad eye finding is: | back 52 A. Exophthalmos |
front 53 The best description of thyroid storm is: | back 53 C. Abrupt severe hyperthyroidism |
front 54 A scan shows uptake only in one solitary hot nodule. Most likely
cause: | back 54 D. Adenoma |
front 55 High LDL plus nonpitting edema is most consistent with: | back 55 D. Hypothyroidism |
front 56 A patient with Graves develops proptosis. The most common mechanism
is: | back 56 C. Retroorbital GAG deposition |
front 57 To dampen increased sympathetic tone in Graves disease,
prescribe: | back 57 A. Beta-blockers |
front 58 Diffuse nontoxic goiter typically: | back 58 D. Does not produce nodularity |
front 59 Two phases of diffuse nontoxic goiter are: | back 59 B. Hyperplastic, colloid involution |
front 60 Persons with simple goiters most often remain: | back 60 A. Clinically euthyroid |
front 61 Recurring episodes of goiter most often produce: | back 61 C. Multinodular goiter |
front 62 Long-standing goiter develops an autonomous nodule causing
hyperthyroidism. Diagnosis: | back 62 B. Plummer syndrome |
front 63 A solitary thyroid nodule in a younger male is more likely: | back 63 D. Neoplastic |
front 64 The hallmark of follicular adenoma is: | back 64 D. Well-formed intact capsule |
front 65 Compared with follicular carcinomas, follicular adenomas have
capsules that: | back 65 B. More intact, less invasion |
front 66 Most thyroid carcinomas arise from: | back 66 C. Thyroid follicular epithelium |
front 67 The RET gene is located on: | back 67 D. Chromosome 10 |
front 68 Medullary thyroid carcinoma is commonly seen in: | back 68 A. MEN-2 |
front 69 In Graves orbitopathy, the deposited material is primarily: | back 69 C. Glycosaminoglycans |
front 70 In Graves exophthalmos, GAG deposition occurs in the: | back 70 D. Retroorbital space |
front 71 The early proliferative phase of diffuse nontoxic goiter is: | back 71 B. Hyperplastic phase |
front 72 The later involutional phase of diffuse nontoxic goiter is: | back 72 C. Colloid involution phase |
front 73 A patient with a simple goiter is most likely: | back 73 A. Euthyroid |
front 74 A solitary thyroid nodule that is encapsulated and intact is most
consistent with: | back 74 A. Follicular adenoma |
front 75 Compared with follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma more often
shows: | back 75 C. Capsular invasion prominent |
front 76 The pathway most often implicated in follicular carcinoma mutations
is: | back 76 B. Receptor tyrosine kinase pathway |
front 77 MEN-2 association most strongly points to: | back 77 B. Medullary carcinoma |