front 1 A 42-year-old with depression shows little spontaneous movement and
sits nearly motionless through the interview. Which observable sign is
most often described in depression? | back 1 C. Generalized psychomotor retardation |
front 2 A depressed patient repeatedly wrings her hands and pulls at her hair
while answering questions. This behavior best reflects: | back 2 A. Psychomotor agitation |
front 3 A patient with depression speaks quietly, gives single-word answers,
and rarely elaborates. Which speech change best fits? | back 3 D. Decreased rate and volume |
front 4 A patient understands questions but answers only after long latency
pauses. The clinician documents: | back 4 B. Delayed responses |
front 5 In major depression, which complaint is reported by ~97% of
patients? | back 5 C. Reduced energy |
front 6 About 80% of depressed patients report which complaint? | back 6 D. Terminal insomnia, multiple awakenings |
front 7 A depressed patient consistently awakens at 4:00 AM and cannot fall
back asleep. The best term is: | back 7 A. Terminal insomnia |
front 8 The most typical somatic symptoms of depression are collectively
called: | back 8 B. Neurovegetative symptoms |
front 9 A depressed patient has increased appetite, weight gain, and sleeps
much longer than usual. These are best described as: | back 9 D. Reversed neurovegetative symptoms |
front 10 Which feature most strongly supports typical neurovegetative symptoms
rather than reversed features? | back 10 A. Decreased appetite, weight loss |
front 11 A clinician wants a single term that covers feeling sad, blue, down,
or depressed. The best term is: | back 11 B. Dysphoria |
front 12 A patient says, “I can’t enjoy anything I used to.” This symptom
is: | back 12 C. Anhedonia |
front 13 About 10% of depressed patients show marked thought-disorder
symptoms, most often: | back 13 C. Thought blocking, poverty content |
front 14 A patient stops mid-sentence, then continues with minimal meaningful
detail despite prompting. This best indicates: | back 14 B. Thought blocking, poverty content |
front 15 A patient in a depressive episode reports auditory hallucinations and
fixed false beliefs. This is most consistent with: | back 15 D. Psychotic depression |
front 16 Delusions or hallucinations consistent with a depressed mood are
termed: | back 16 A. Mood-congruent |
front 17 Which delusional theme is most mood-congruent with
depression? | back 17 C. Worthlessness and guilt |
front 18 A 29-year-old with MDD says, “I’m exhausted all day,” and struggles
to complete basic tasks. Which finding best fits a common
neurovegetative symptom of depression? | back 18 C. Fatigue, low energy |
front 19 A depressed graduate student reports “spacing out in lectures” and
missing details despite trying. Which common neurovegetative symptom
is described? | back 19 A. Inattention |
front 20 A patient with depression wakes at 4 AM daily and cannot return to
sleep. Which common neurovegetative symptom is this? | back 20 D. Insomnia, early morning awakening |
front 21 A 34-year-old with depression reports reduced sexual interest and
performance. This symptom is sometimes included among neurovegetative
symptoms. Which option matches? | back 21 A. Decreased libido, reduced performance |
front 22 A 22-year-old with depression reports irregular periods since
symptoms began. Which symptom is sometimes included among
neurovegetative symptoms? | back 22 C. Menstrual irregularities |
front 23 Which symptom is sometimes included among neurovegetative
symptoms? | back 23 B. Worse depression in morning |
front 24 A depressed patient reports “I can’t concentrate” and “my thinking
feels slowed.” These complaints are best categorized as: | back 24 D. Cognitive symptoms |
front 25 A severely pessimistic depressed patient wants to quit school and
sell his car “because life is pointless.” Best guidance is: | back 25 D. Delay major decisions until thinking normal |
front 26 A patient insists, “Antidepressants never work for me,” but gives no
details about dose or duration. A common clinical mistake is
to: | back 26 B. Accept “failed trial” without probing |
front 27 A 27-year-old was hospitalized last month for suicidal ideation.
Compared with someone never hospitalized for suicidal ideation, this
patient has: | back 27 C. Higher lifetime completion risk |
front 28 An inpatient has severe depression with psychotic guilt delusions and
profound motor slowing. Regarding impulsive violence, the most
accurate statement is: | back 28 A. Often lacks energy for impulsive acts |
front 29 After starting treatment, a suicidal patient reports slightly
improved energy and begins “making plans.” Suicide risk can
increase: | back 29 B. During early improvement, energy returns |
front 30 A patient has severe anhedonia, early morning awakening, weight loss,
and intense guilt over minor mistakes. The best descriptor is: | back 30 D. Melancholia |
front 31 Which feature most strongly supports melancholia rather than other
depressive presentations? | back 31 A. Guilt over trivial events |
front 32 Melancholia is associated with changes in which physiologic
systems? | back 32 C. Autonomic and endocrine changes |
front 33 A depressed patient is stuporous, withdrawn, blunted, and resists
instructions with negativism; marked psychomotor retardation is
present. This syndrome is: | back 33 D. Catatonia |
front 34 Which finding is a hallmark symptom of catatonia? | back 34 B. Negativism |
front 35 Compared with major depressive disorder, dysthymia is
typically: | back 35 C. Less severe but more chronic |
front 36 The most typical feature of dysthymia is: | back 36 D. Depressed mood most day, continuous |
front 37 Which history most strongly supports dysthymia over major depressive
disorder? | back 37 B. Always depressed since adolescence |
front 38 A patient has discrete episodes of depressive symptoms that are less
severe than those seen in major depressive disorder. The best
diagnosis is: | back 38 C. Minor depressive disorder |
front 39 The primary difference between dysthymia and minor depressive
disorder is: | back 39 A. Minor depression is episodic |
front 40 A 30-year-old has discrete low-grade depressive episodes and returns
to baseline between them. Which diagnosis is characterized by euthymic
mood between episodes? | back 40 B. Minor depressive disorder |
front 41 A patient reports repeated depressive episodes that fully resolve
between episodes. Each episode lasts 9–12 days. Which duration best
fits recurrent brief depressive disorder? | back 41 D. Less than 2 weeks |
front 42 A patient meets criteria for MDD and also has long-standing dysthymic
symptoms. This combination is most often called: | back 42 C. Double depression |
front 43 You select a clinician-rated scale with 24 total items for depression
severity. Which instrument fits? | back 43 C. Hamilton Rating Scale (HAM-D) |
front 44 A patient completes a 20-item self-report depression scale. Which
instrument matches? | back 44 B. Zung Self-Rating Scale |
front 45 The Zung scale is described as providing a global index of depressive
intensity, including: | back 45 C. Affective expression |
front 46 A clinician chooses a scale that integrates the patient’s report and
the physician’s observations. Which scale is this? | back 46 B. Raskin scale |
front 47 The Raskin Depression Scale rates three dimensions. Which set matches
those dimensions? | back 47 D. Verbal, behavior, secondary symptoms |
front 48 A 16-year-old with depressive symptoms has fever, sore throat, and
fatigue. Which medical condition should be tested for in
adolescents? | back 48 A. Mononucleosis |
front 49 A depressed patient is markedly underweight with fatigue and low
mood. Which medical issues should be screened in overweight or
underweight patients? | back 49 D. Adrenal and thyroid dysfunctions |
front 50 An older adult develops depressive symptoms with cough and malaise.
Which condition is specifically noted to test for in older
patients? | back 50 B. Viral pneumonia |
front 51 A patient develops depressive symptoms after starting multiple new
medications. In substance-induced mood disorder, a reasonable rule of
thumb is: | back 51 D. Consider any drug a factor |
front 52 A 71-year-old with masked facies and bradykinesia develops depressive
symptoms. Which neurologic condition is listed as commonly manifesting
depression? | back 52 B. Parkinson disease |
front 53 A stroke patient develops prominent depressive symptoms. Depression
is more common with lesions in which location? | back 53 A. Anterior rather than posterior |
front 54 A patient with new depression is found to have a brain tumor. Tumors
in which regions are especially linked to depressive symptoms? | back 54 C. Diencephalic and temporal regions |
front 55 An older adult presents with memory complaints plus self-reproach and
marked day-to-day variability. Which feature favors depression over
primary dementia? | back 55 B. Sudden onset |
front 56 A patient’s cognitive complaints fluctuate predictably across the day
alongside depressed mood. Which feature supports depression over
primary dementia? | back 56 D. Diurnal variation |
front 57 During a cognitive screen, a patient shrugs and refuses to attempt
answers, saying “Why bother?” Which feature supports depression over
primary dementia? | back 57 A. Doesn’t try to answer |
front 58 A patient initially performs poorly on recall but improves with
encouragement and cueing. Which feature supports depression over
primary dementia? | back 58 C. Coaching improves remembering |
front 59 Which pair includes only disorders listed as frequent comorbidities
with depression? | back 59 A. Alcohol use and panic disorder |
front 60 Which substances are specifically noted as used by depressed
patients? | back 60 B. Cocaine and amphetamines |
front 61 Which statement best matches the provided comparison between mania
and depression? | back 61 C. Manic patients seldom use sedatives |
front 62 A patient has years of heavy substance use and a chronic low-grade
depressive picture indistinguishable from one disorder. Which disorder
is specifically noted? | back 62 A. Dysthymia |
front 63 A 26-year-old has an untreated major depressive episode with
persistent symptoms and no remission. What is the typical duration of
an untreated episode? | back 63 C. 6 to 13 months |
front 64 A patient with MDD starts effective pharmacotherapy and improves
steadily. Most treated episodes last about: | back 64 A. About 3 months |
front 65 A patient feels better after 6 weeks on an SSRI and stops it abruptly
at 8 weeks. Most likely outcome? | back 65 D. Symptoms almost always return |
front 66 A 48-year-old has had five prior depressive episodes. Compared with
earlier illness, which course pattern is expected? | back 66 B. Shorter intervals, worse episodes |
front 67 A patient is discouraged after 10 days on an SSRI with no change. How
long can antidepressants take for significant effects? | back 67 A. Up to 3 to 4 weeks |
front 68 A patient tolerates an SSRI with minimal side effects but limited
improvement. Best next dosing strategy? | back 68 C. Max dose, hold 4–5 weeks |
front 69 After 2–3 weeks on an antidepressant, a patient reports no benefit.
Best clinician action? | back 69 B. Check plasma level if possible |
front 70 For most patients starting pharmacotherapy for depression, clinicians
usually begin with: | back 70 D. Second- and third-generation agents |
front 71 Among second- and third-generation agents, the most commonly used
class is: | back 71 B. SSRIs |
front 72 A patient with MDD reaches remission on medication. Minimum
continuation duration should be: | back 72 C. At least 6 months or longer |
front 73 A stable patient is discontinuing an antidepressant. Best
discontinuation approach? | back 73 A. Taper over 1 to 2 weeks |
front 74 A patient has recurrent depressive episodes occurring 2 years apart.
What is recommended? | back 74 B. Prophylactic treatment recommended |
front 75 A patient has melancholic depression with profound anhedonia and
weight loss. Which antidepressant profile may be more
effective? | back 75 D. Dual serotonergic and noradrenergic |
front 76 A patient with MDD has mood-congruent delusions and hallucinations.
Pharmacotherapy often requires: | back 76 A. Antidepressant plus atypical antipsychotic |
front 77 A patient has psychotic depression with severe functional decline.
Which intervention also has evidence for this indication? | back 77 C. ECT |
front 78 A patient has atypical features (hypersomnia, weight gain). Which
medication class has strong evidence? | back 78 C. Typical antipsychotics |
front 79 For atypical features, which additional agents are also
useful? | back 79 A. SSRIs and bupropion |
front 80 A patient has MDD plus panic disorder. Which medications are
preferred for both? | back 80 D. Tricyclics and SSRIs |
front 81 A patient has depression plus a significant comorbid condition. In
general, what dictates treatment selection? | back 81 C. Nonmood disorder dictates choice |
front 82 A patient has partial response to an SSRI. Which augmentation options
have best evidence? | back 82 A. Quetiapine and aripiprazole |
front 83 A patient on an SSRI has inadequate response. Which augmentation is
noted for SSRIs and TCAs? | back 83 D. Lithium augmentation |
front 84 A patient’s depression remains resistant despite adequate trials.
Which augmentation option is listed? | back 84 C. Thyroid hormone augmentation |
front 85 A patient improves after 6 weeks and wants to stop at 10 weeks. Why
is this risky? | back 85 D. Stopping before 3 months relapses |
front 86 A patient with treatment-resistant depression receives ketamine. What
is its key mechanism? | back 86 D. Inhibits postsynaptic NMDA receptor |
front 87 After ketamine infusion, when can a positive response appear? | back 87 B. Within 24 hours |
front 88 A patient responds to ketamine but symptoms return soon. Typical
duration of benefit is: | back 88 A. 2 to 7 days |
front 89 A clinician considers long-term ketamine maintenance. A major
contraindication is: | back 89 C. Abuse potential |
front 90 Why might ketamine help in major depressive disorder? | back 90 B. Glutamatergic signaling abnormalities implicated |
front 91 A 28-year-old develops severe depressive symptoms 2 weeks after
delivery. Which medication is an IV formulation of allopregnanolone
used for this indication? | back 91 A. Brexanolone |
front 92 Brexanolone is best classified as which type of agent? | back 92 B. Neuroactive steroid |
front 93 A postpartum patient receives brexanolone and improves rapidly. How
quickly can symptoms reduce? | back 93 C. Within 24 hours |
front 94 After an effective brexanolone infusion, symptom benefit is reported
to last at least: | back 94 A. 30 days |
front 95 Brexanolone’s antidepressant effect most directly involves: | back 95 B. GABAA allosteric modulation |
front 96 Vagus nerve stimulation may reduce depressive symptoms partly because
stimulation can trigger release of: | back 96 C. Peptides acting neurotransmitters |
front 97 The vagus nerve’s relevance to mood is partly related to its
connection with the: | back 97 B. Enteric nervous system |
front 98 A patient with unipolar depression reports transient mood improvement
after staying awake all night. This finding aligns with: | back 98 A. Sleep deprivation may relieve depression |
front 99 A therapist targets selective attention to negatives and morbid
inferences about consequences. Which approach is being used? | back 99 D. Cognitive therapy |
front 100 Which is a cognitive distortion specifically highlighted in cognitive
therapy for depression? | back 100 B. Selective attention to negatives |
front 101 Which is another cognitive distortion emphasized in cognitive
therapy? | back 101 A. Unrealistically morbid inferences |
front 102 A therapist focuses on one or two current interpersonal problems and
assumes they link to early dysfunctional relationships. This is: | back 102 A. Interpersonal therapy |
front 103 A key assumption of interpersonal therapy is that current
interpersonal problems are: | back 103 C. Rooted in early dysfunction |
front 104 Another core assumption of interpersonal therapy is that current
interpersonal problems: | back 104 B. Precipitate or perpetuate depression |
front 105 A standard interpersonal therapy program usually consists of: | back 105 D. 12 to 16 weekly sessions |
front 106 Which descriptor best characterizes interpersonal therapy
delivery? | back 106 B. Active therapeutic approach |
front 107 Behavior therapy for depression is based on the hypothesis that
maladaptive behaviors lead to: | back 107 B. Little feedback, social rejection |
front 108 The behavioral therapy goal is to modify maladaptive behaviors so
patients: | back 108 A. Receive positive reinforcement |
front 109 What differentiates short-term psychotherapy methods from
psychoanalytically oriented approaches? | back 109 C. Active directive therapist roles |
front 110 Another distinguishing feature of short-term psychotherapy is: | back 110 B. Recognizable goals and endpoints |
front 111 The primary goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy is to: | back 111 B. Change personality structure |
front 112 Psychoanalytic psychotherapy often requires patients to
experience: | back 112 B. Heightened anxiety and distress |
front 113 For major depressive disorder, which psychotherapy is usually
first-line per the notes? | back 113 C. Family therapy |
front 114 Family therapy in depression primarily examines: | back 114 B. Role of family maintaining symptoms |
front 115 Depressed patients typically show overactivity of which endocrine
axis? | back 115 A. HPA axis |
front 116 Compared with controls, depressed patients have increased 24-hour
levels of: | back 116 B. Cortisol |
front 117 Depression-related hypercortisolemia is attributed to increased
hypothalamic release of: | back 117 B. CRH |
front 118 Hypercortisolemia also reflects decreased: | back 118 B. Feedback inhibition |
front 119 Disturbance of feedback inhibition in depression can be tested
using: | back 119 C. Dexamethasone suppression test |
front 120 In the DST, depressed patients may initially show cortisol: | back 120 B. Decrease, then escape upward |
front 121 In normal patients, dexamethasone produces a negative feedback loop
that: | back 121 C. Decreases cortisol |
front 122 Studies suggest increased hypothalamic ______ in depressed patients,
likely from chronic stress. | back 122 B. Neurons |
front 123 Hypercortisolemia in depression suggests which central
disturbance? | back 123 B. Decreased inhibitory serotonin tone |
front 124 Hypercortisolemia also may reflect increased drive from which
inputs? | back 124 A. NE, ACh, or CRH |
front 125 Another proposed contributor to hypercortisolemia is decreased
feedback inhibition from the: | back 125 C. Hippocampus |
front 126 A patient with early childhood trauma later develops depression. This
history is associated with increased activity of which axis? | back 126 B. HPA axis |
front 127 Early trauma-associated increased HPA activity is linked to
structural brain changes best described as: | back 127 A. Cortical atrophy, decreased volume |
front 128 About 5–10% evaluated for depression have previously undetected
dysfunction in which system? | back 128 C. Thyroid |
front 129 20–30% of depressed patients show what response to TRH
challenge? | back 129 B. Blunted TSH response |
front 130 The major therapeutic implication of a blunted TSH response is: | back 130 B. Increased relapse risk |
front 131 Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by which
neurotransmitters? | back 131 C. NE and dopamine |
front 132 A study compares CSF somatostatin across mood states. Which pattern
matches the notes? | back 132 D. Low depression, high mania |
front 133 A neuroendocrine probe increases pituitary prolactin release
primarily via which neurotransmitter? | back 133 A. Serotonin |
front 134 BDNF is discussed as a growth factor protein. Its primary CNS role is
best described as: | back 134 C. Ongoing neuronal maintenance |
front 135 Postmortem findings in suicide victims show lower average BDNF in
which regions? | back 135 D. PFC and hippocampus |
front 136 A patient with MDD responds robustly to antidepressants. Which
biomarker change is most consistent with response? | back 136 B. Higher serum BDNF |
front 137 A polysomnogram in depression shows early loss of which sleep
stage? | back 137 A. Deep slow-wave sleep |
front 138 During overnight monitoring, which finding is one of the four arousal
disturbances noted in depression? | back 138 A. Increased nocturnal awakenings |
front 139 Another arousal-related PSG change in depression is: | back 139 C. Reduction in total sleep time |
front 140 Which PSG finding is explicitly listed among the four arousal
disturbances in depression? | back 140 B. Increased phasic REM sleep |
front 141 The notes list a fourth arousal disturbance in depression as: | back 141 D. Increased core body temperature |
front 142 Which triad best matches the “typical” sleep disturbance profile in
depression? | back 142 B. Reduced REM latency, more density |
front 143 The earliest antidepressants shared which pharmacologic
property? | back 143 C. Interfered with monoamine catabolism |
front 144 This early pharmacology historically supported which etiologic
assumption about depression? | back 144 B. Low monoamine levels |
front 145 Antidepressant response correlates with downregulation or decreased
sensitivity of which receptor type? | back 145 D. β-adrenergic receptors |
front 146 Those β-adrenergic receptor changes are most directly tied to which
monoamine system? | back 146 C. Noradrenergic |
front 147 Activating presynaptic β2 receptors has what effect on norepinephrine
release? | back 147 A. More norepinephrine released |
front 148 Presynaptic β2 receptors on serotonergic neurons regulate the release
of: | back 148 D. Serotonin |
front 149 Mechanistically, most modern antidepressants act primarily
on: | back 149 B. Serotonin signaling |
front 150 Comparing mood states, dopamine activity is generally: | back 150 D. Low depression, high mania |
front 151 A patient with Parkinson disease develops depressive symptoms. This
supports which association? | back 151 B. Dopamine depletion can cause depression |
front 152 Which paired intervention best matches agents noted to increase
dopamine and reduce depressive symptoms? | back 152 C. Tyrosine and amphetamine |
front 153 Acetylcholine neurons are distributed diffusely throughout
the: | back 153 A. Cerebral cortex |
front 154 Cholinergic neurons are described as having reciprocal relationships
with: | back 154 B. All three monoamine systems |
front 155 In depressed patients, low levels of which compound have been
found? | back 155 A. Choline |
front 156 Which neurotransmitter inhibits ascending monoamine pathways,
especially mesocortical and mesolimbic systems? | back 156 C. GABA |
front 157 A patient with MDD has reduced inhibitory tone across compartments.
Which finding best matches the notes? | back 157 C. Reduced plasma and CSF GABA |
front 158 Chronic stress is most associated with what change in GABA over
time? | back 158 B. GABA depletion over time |
front 159 A platelet assay is ordered in a patient with suicidal impulses.
Which result matches the notes? | back 159 D. Low platelet serotonin uptake |
front 160 GABA’s inhibitory action is noted as strongest on which
monoamine-related pathways? | back 160 C. Mesocortical and mesolimbic |
front 161 Antidepressants are noted to upregulate which receptor type, and some
drugs in that system have weak antidepressant effects? | back 161 B. GABA receptors |
front 162 In the CNS, which amino acid is described as the primary excitatory
neurotransmitter? | back 162 B. Glutamate |
front 163 Which amino acid is described as the primary inhibitory
neurotransmitter in the CNS (per the notes)? | back 163 B. Glycine |
front 164 Glutamate and glycine bind to sites associated with which
receptor? | back 164 B. NMDA receptor |
front 165 A neuroanatomist emphasizes dense NMDA receptor distribution. Where
is NMDA receptor concentration described as high? | back 165 A. Hippocampus |
front 166 Severe recurrent depression is associated with hypercortisolemia and
neurocognitive decline. Which amino acid may work with
hypercortisolemia to mediate deleterious effects? | back 166 C. Glutamate |
front 167 Second messengers primarily regulate the function of neuronal
membrane: | back 167 A. Transport vesicles |
front 168 Increasing evidence suggests mood-stabilizing drugs act on: | back 168 B. Second messengers |
front 169 Depressive disorders are associated with which immunologic
abnormality? | back 169 B. Decreased cellular immunity |
front 170 Lymphocytes can produce neuromodulators including CRF and: | back 170 C. Interleukins |
front 171 Which cytokine is specifically noted as inducing gene activity for
glucocorticoid synthesis? | back 171 A. Interleukin-1 |
front 172 The notes associate clinical severity, hypercortisolism, and immune
dysfunction with: | back 172 D. Cytokine abnormalities |
front 173 The most consistent neuroimaging abnormality in depressive disorders
is: | back 173 B. Abnormal subcortical hyperintensities |
front 174 Additional structural findings reported in some depressed patients
include ventricular enlargement, cortical atrophy, and: | back 174 A. Sulcal widening |
front 175 Depressed patients may show reduced volumes of which
structures? | back 175 C. Hippocampus and caudate |
front 176 Which structures are listed as reduced volume in depression due to
neuronal loss and vulnerability from glutamatergic richness? | back 176 B. Hippocampus |
front 177 The hippocampal volume reduction is attributed to neuronal loss from
increased: | back 177 C. Cortisol |
front 178 The hippocampus is described as especially susceptible because it is
rich in: | back 178 A. Glutamatergic neurons |
front 179 Besides hippocampus, which additional structures are listed as
reduced volume in depression? | back 179 A. PFC, cingulate, cerebellum |
front 180 The most widely replicated PET finding in depression is: | back 180 B. Decreased anterior metabolism |
front 181 Decreased anterior metabolism is generally more pronounced on which
side? | back 181 A. Left |
front 182 Depression may cause a relative increase in activity of the: | back 182 B. Nondominant hemisphere |
front 183 In depression, reduced blood flow or metabolism is noted in
dopaminergic tracts of which systems? | back 183 B. Mesocortical and mesolimbic |
front 184 Glucose metabolism in several limbic regions in depressed patients
is: | back 184 B. Increased |
front 185 During depressive episodes, increased limbic glucose metabolism
correlates with: | back 185 B. Intrusive ruminations |
front 186 Depressed patients show which pulvinar nucleus pattern? | back 186 B. Activation |
front 187 Depressed patients show a more significant response to negative
stimuli in: | back 187 B. Amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate |
front 188 Depressed patients show a lesser response in: | back 188 A. Dorsal striatum and dlPFC |
front 189 The heritability of depression is higher in which gender? | back 189 B. Women |
front 190 Shared environmental factors played what role in familial aggregation
of depression? | back 190 C. No significant role |
front 191 Which gene is listed as potentially involved in depression
mechanism? | back 191 A. HTR1A |
front 192 Which is listed as a serotonin transporter gene implicated? | back 192 C. SLC6A4 |
front 193 Which is listed as a dopamine receptor gene implicated? | back 193 B. DRD4 |
front 194 Which is listed as a dopamine transporter gene implicated? | back 194 A. SLC6A3 |
front 195 The bulk of genetic heritability for depression reflects: | back 195 B. Many genes, small effects |
front 196 Why is the monoamine hypothesis considered inadequate as a full
explanation of depression etiology? | back 196 D. Weeks-to-effect, no imbalance evidence |
front 197 A patient asks why SSRIs aren’t “instant” if they raise serotonin
quickly. Which critique of the monoamine hypothesis does this
illustrate? | back 197 B. Therapeutic lag despite rapid changes |
front 198 A researcher measures CSF monoamine metabolites in depressed patients
and finds no consistent abnormality. This supports which
critique? | back 198 A. No convincing imbalance evidence |
front 199 A 19-year-old has heightened vigilance to emotionally salient cues.
Which limbic structure is a key “way station” for processing novel
emotionally significant stimuli? | back 199 A. Amygdala |
front 200 In addition to processing novelty, the amygdala coordinates or
organizes which responses? | back 200 B. Cortical responses |
front 201 Adjacent to the amygdala, which structure is most associated with
learning and memory? | back 201 C. Hippocampus |
front 202 Emotional or contextual learning is best linked to a direct
connection between the: | back 202 B. Hippocampus and amygdala |
front 203 The structure that holds representations of goals and appropriate
responses to obtain them is the: | back 203 B. Prefrontal cortex |
front 204 Left-sided PFC activation is most associated with: | back 204 C. Goal-directed appetitive behavior |
front 205 Right-sided PFC activation is most associated with: | back 205 B. Avoidance and inhibition |
front 206 PFC subregions are described as containing localized representations
related to: | back 206 C. Reward and punishment behaviors |
front 207 The ACC is involved in attention, motivation, and exploration, and
helps integrate: | back 207 B. Attentional and emotional inputs |
front 208 The rostral/ventral ACC affective subdivision connects extensively
with: | back 208 A. Limbic regions |
front 209 ACC activation may facilitate control of emotional arousal
particularly when: | back 209 C. Thwarted goals meet novel problems |
front 210 Neurogenesis hypotheses propose depression-related abnormalities stem
from: | back 210 D. Deficit of newborn neurons |
front 211 Neuroplasticity hypotheses propose depression results because: | back 211 A. Atrophy of developed neurons |
front 212 In the neurogenesis hypothesis, glucocorticoids are known to: | back 212 B. Decrease neurogenesis |
front 213 Adult neurogenesis is noted to continue particularly in the: | back 213 D. Hippocampus |
front 214 Under the neurogenesis hypothesis, impaired hippocampal regulation of
HPA leads to: | back 214 B. Higher glucocorticoids, less neurogenesis |
front 215 In the neuroplasticity hypothesis, chronic stress elevates
glucocorticoids causing: | back 215 C. Neuronal atrophy |
front 216 Chronic stress can also decrease expression of which neurotrophin
essential for neuronal survival and differentiation? | back 216 B. BDNF |
front 217 Preferential hippocampal atrophy helps account for which imaging
finding in depression? | back 217 B. Decreased hippocampal volume |
front 218 Stressful life events more often precede which mood disorder
episodes? | back 218 A. First episodes |
front 219 Stress accompanying the first episode can cause long-lasting biologic
changes leading to high risk of later episodes even without: | back 219 C. An external stressor |
front 220 Psychodynamic theory links vulnerability to depression to
disturbances in the infant–mother relationship during which
phase? | back 220 B. Oral phase |
front 221 Psychodynamic theory proposes depression can be linked to: | back 221 C. Real or imagined object loss |
front 222 In psychodynamic theory, introjection of departed objects serves as
a: | back 222 A. Defense mechanism |
front 223 Cognitive theory states depression results from: | back 223 C. Specific cognitive distortions |
front 224 The cognitive triad includes negative views about self, environment,
and: | back 224 D. The future |
front 225 Learned helplessness theory connects depressive phenomena to: | back 225 A. Uncontrollable events experience |
front 226 Evolutionary theory frames depression as: | back 226 B. Adaptive threat response |
front 227 In evolutionary theory, withdrawal in the face of threats may
be: | back 227 C. Protective |
front 228 Beyond physical harm, evolutionary theory highlights ______ threats
such as exclusion or defeat. | back 228 A. Social |
front 229 The depressive bias toward withdrawal and negative appraisal can be
viewed as adaptive to: | back 229 B. Reduce risk, avoid failures |
front 230 Some evolutionary models propose mood variability is adaptive, but
depression represents: | back 230 C. Dysregulation of mood variation |
front 231 In the integrative approach, ______ vulnerability increases risk for
depression. | back 231 A. Genetic |
front 232 In the integrative model, vulnerability plus ______ precipitates
downstream changes. | back 232 B. Stress |
front 233 Stress in vulnerable persons produces ______ changes differing from
normal stress responses. | back 233 A. Epigenetic |
front 234 The integrative model proposes subtle ______ loss. | back 234 B. Neuronal |