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AP Government Chapter 9

front 1 Civil Rights	back 1 Protections for individuals from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, sex, and other characteristics, ensuring equal treatment under the law.
front 2 504 Sit-Ins	back 2 Protests that pushed the government to enforce disability rights law.
front 3 Dred Scott v. Sanford	back 3 Case that ruled enslaved people were not citizens and has no legal rights under the constitution.
front 4 Americans with Disabilities Act	back 4 A law that bans discrimination against people with disabilities and requires equal access to public places and jobs.

front 5 13th Amendment	back 5 An Amendment to prohibit slavery within the United States.
front 6 14th Amendment	back 6 Guaranteed citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and prohibited states from denying due process.
front 7 Equal Protection Clause	back 7 Clause of the 14th amendment that has been used to protect the civil rights of Americans.
front 8 15th Amendment	back 8 An Amendment that granted Voting rights to African American men.

front 9 Plessy v. Ferguson	back 9 Case that allowed racial segregation by saying separate but equal was legal.
front 10 Separate but Equal	back 10 The idea that segregation was constitutional as long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal.
front 11 NAACP	back 11 A organization that fights for equality and legal rights for Black Americans.
front 12 Thurgood Marshal	back 12 A lawyer who helped end school segregation and became the first black U.S. Supreme Court Justice.

front 13 Kenneth Clark	back 13 A psychologist whose research on segregation helped inspire the Brown v. Board of Education decision.
front 14 Brown v Boarder of Education	back 14 Case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
front 15 Earl Warren	back 15 A chief justice who led the Supreme court in landmark civil rights and desegregation decisions.
front 16 Brown v. Boarder of Education 2	back 16 Follow-up case that ordered schools to desegregate with deliberate speed.

front 17 Dejure Segregation	back 17 The separation of individuals based on their characteristics, such as race by law
front 18 Defacto Segregation	back 18 A separation of individuals based on characteristics that arises not by law but because of other factors, such as residential housing patterns.
front 19 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg	back 19 Case that approved using busing to racially integrate schools.
front 20 Affirmative Action	back 20 A policy designed to address the consequences of previous discrimination by providing special consideration to individuals based upon their characteristics, such as race or gender.

front 21 Social Movement	back 21 Large groups of citizens organizing for political change.
front 22 Civil Disobedience	back 22 The intentional refusal to obey a law to call attention to its injustics
front 23 Letter from a Birmingham Jail	back 23 Letter by Martin Luther King Jr. defending nonviolence protests against racial injustice.
front 24 Southern Christian Leadership Conference	back 24 Civil rights organization led by Martin Luther king Jr. that organized nonviolent protests to end segregation.

front 25 Civil Rights Act of 1964	back 25 Legislation that outlawing racial segregation in schools and public places.
front 26 Voting Rights Act of 1965	back 26 Legislation outlawed discriminatory voting practices, such as literacy tests used to prevent African Americans from voting.
front 27 19th Amendment	back 27 Granting women the rights to vote.
front 28 Tile IX	back 28 legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid, increasing female participation in sports.

front 29 Strict Scrutiny Standard	back 29 A high level of judicial review used to determine if a law is constitutional involving race discrimination.
front 30 Rational-Bases Standard	back 30 A low level of judicial review used to determine if a law is constitutional involving differential treatment.
front 31 Intermediate Scrutiny	back 31 A median level of judicial review used to determine if a law is constitutional involving gender discrimination.