front 1 Process by which energy of electron transfer is used to convert ADP
and Pi to ATP: | back 1 C. Oxidative phosphorylation |
front 2 What is required to convert fuels to CO2 and water? | back 2 B. O₂ |
front 3 Which macronutrient gives the highest kcal/g? | back 3 C. Fat |
front 4 A trauma patient with shock receives IV glucose, amino acids, and
lipids. Despite substrate delivery, ATP remains low until oxygenation
improves. Which statement best explains this? | back 4 A. O₂ is required to convert fuels to CO₂ and H₂O |
front 5 A clinician teaching residents defines “oxidation of fuels to
generate ATP.” Which term best matches this definition in your
notes? | back 5 B. Respiration |
front 6 A nutrition label lists energy as “Calories.” What unit? | back 6 C. Kilocalories (kcal) |
front 7 Converting between systems, the team recalls that 1 kilocalorie
equals approximately: | back 7 C. 4.18 kJ |
front 8 During indirect calorimetry teaching, the classic definition of 1
kilocalorie is reviewed. It is the energy needed to raise the
temperature of: | back 8 A. 1 L of water by 1°C |
front 9 A mixed-meal tolerance test is designed using common dietary sugars.
Which list captures the major carbohydrates in the human diet you were
given? | back 9 A. Starch, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, galactose, glucose |
front 10 Which is a disaccharide? | back 10 C. Lactose |
front 11 A fasting lab panel notes the predominant circulating sugar in
healthy blood. Which is it? | back 11 B. Glucose |
front 12 A metabolic calculation estimates energy yield if 1 g of carbohydrate
is fully oxidized to CO₂ and H₂O. The closest value is: | back 12 D. 4 kcal/g |
front 13 You are comparing macronutrients gram for gram. Which caloric content
is correct per your notes? | back 13 A. Fat: 9 kcal/g |
front 14 A TPN (total parenteral nutrition) order requires accurate protein
energy accounting. Per gram, protein contributes: | back 14 B. 4 kcal/g |
front 15 A post-operative patient is placed on restricted alcohol intake. If
alcohol were consumed, its approximate caloric content per gram would
be: | back 15 D. 7 kcal/g |
front 16 A biochemistry small group reviews protein chemistry. Which statement
aligns with the notes? | back 16 A. Proteins are linear chains of amino acids |
front 17 In uremia, nitrogen handling is central. Upon oxidation, proteins
ultimately yield: | back 17 C. CO₂, H₂O, NH₄⁺ |
front 18 A lipid panel discussion turns to storage fuels. A triacylglycerol
molecule contains: | back 18 B. 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol |
front 19 Which is monounsaturated? | back 19 C. Oleate |
front 20 During counseling on why fats are energy-dense, which explanation
matches your notes? | back 20 A. Fats are more reduced and have much less oxygen than carbohydrates or proteins |
front 21 In a hepatology clinic, the chemical formula of the alcohol consumed
is reviewed. Ethanol’s formula is: | back 21 B. CH₃-CH₂-OH |
front 22 In alcohol metabolism teaching, complete oxidation of ethanol
ultimately yields: | back 22 D. CO₂ and H₂O |
front 23 Glycogen is stored in? | back 23 B. Liver and muscle |
front 24 Which pair best captures why triacylglycerol in adipose is such an
efficient fuel depot? | back 24 C. High kcal/g; minimal water content |
front 25 Glycogen: | back 25 B. Polar hydroxyls, bind ~4× its weight in water |
front 26 A patient recovering from burns needs proteins for healing. Which
core functions of proteins support this need? | back 26 B. Enzymes and structural roles |
front 27 A weight-management consult calculates a patient’s daily energy
requirement. Which definition matches daily energy expenditure
(DEE)? | back 27 C. BMR + physical activity + processing food |
front 28 Measure of energy required to maintain human life: | back 28 B. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
front 29 Two similar adults (same height/age) differ only by sex. All else
equal, which statement fits your notes? | back 29 B. Men usually have higher BMR than women |
front 30 Per your notes, pregnancy and lactation: | back 30 C. Increase BMR |
front 31 You need a quick BMR estimate for dosing in a 70-kg man and a 60-kg
woman. Which rough calculation aligns with your notes? | back 31 B. Men: 24 kcal/day/kg; Women: 21 kcal/day/kg |
front 32 A sports medicine clinic estimates fat-free mass (FFM) for a
body-composition plan. Which equation matches your notes? | back 32 A. FFM = total body mass − adipose tissue mass |
front 33 During a metabolic study, the team measures oxygen consumption and
carbon dioxide production at rest and during exercise. Which technique
is being used? | back 33 C. Indirect calorimetry |
front 34 In a substrate-oxidation lab, students compute the ratio of CO₂
produced to O₂ consumed. This variable is the: | back 34 A. Respiratory quotient |
front 35 A subject breathes into a metabolic cart after ingesting only
carbohydrate. What respiratory quotient (RQ) is expected? | back 35 C. 1.00 |
front 36 A protein-only test meal is given for teaching. The expected RQ for
protein is closest to: | back 36 B. 0.83 |
front 37 A prolonged fast results in predominant fat oxidation. The expected
RQ is approximately: | back 37 A. 0.71 |
front 38 Counseling a patient on “calories burned by digestion,” you note the
energy required to process typical mixed meals is approximately: | back 38 B. 10% of kcal ingested |
front 39 A clinic uses the imperial BMI formula for a 180-lb, 70-in patient.
Which equation is correct? | back 39 A. BMI = (weight (lb) × 704) / height² (in) |
front 40 A 24-year-old presents with a BMI of 22.1. Based on your ranges,
which category applies? | back 40 B. Healthy weight |
front 41 A 52-year-old with BMI 27.8. Which category matches your notes? | back 41 B. Overweight/preobese |
front 42 A patient’s BMI is 33.2. Which classification is correct? | back 42 A. Class I obesity |
front 43 A bariatric surgery candidate has BMI 37.0 without major
comorbidities. Classification? | back 43 C. Class II obesity |
front 44 A 45-year-old with BMI 41.3 asks about risk category. Which
classification applies? | back 44 B. Class III obesity |
front 45 A famine-relief intake clinic triages adults by BMI. Which threshold
aligns with protein-calorie malnutrition degree I? | back 45 C. 17–18.4 |
front 46 A refugee with BMI 16-16.9 is flagged for urgent nutrition support.
Which malnutrition degree matches? | back 46 B. Degree II |
front 47 A cachectic patient with BMI under 16 needs inpatient refeeding.
Which malnutrition degree is recorded? | back 47 C. Degree III |
front 48 A pediatrician confirms carbohydrate needs for a healthy 10-year-old.
According to your notes, the daily recommended carbohydrate intake for
children and adults is: | back 48 C. 130 g/day |
front 49 A dietitian documents a definition for a guideline that links intake
ranges to reduced disease risk while ensuring adequacy of essential
nutrients. This defines: | back 49 B. AMDR |
front 50 For a 2,400-kcal diet plan, which percentage range for carbohydrate
aligns with the guideline in your notes? | back 50 C. 45–65% |
front 51 A 45-year-old starting a weight-loss plan asks what fraction of daily
calories should come from fat. According to your notes (AMDR), the
recommended range is: | back 51 B. 20–35% |
front 52 A pharmacology lecture links several autacoids to inflammation and
thrombosis. Which group correctly lists eicosanoids? | back 52 B. Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes |
front 53 A cardiology fellow reviews fatty acid–derived mediators. Which set
contains only precursors of eicosanoids per your notes? | back 53 B. Alpha-linolenic, linoleic, EPA, DHA |
front 54 A vegetarian patient asks which amino acids are essential. Which
option lists only essentials from your notes? | back 54 A. Lysine, leucine, valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, histidine |
front 55 A phenylketonuria (PKU) discussion highlights a conditionally
essential amino acid. Tyrosine is synthesized from: | back 55 B. Phenylalanine |
front 56 Cysteine can be synthesized using sulfur from: | back 56 B. Methionine |
front 57 In critical care, amino acids have multiple fates. Which is NOT one
of the three fates in your notes? | back 57 D. Converted to cholesterol as the primary route |
front 58 Per your notes, nitrogen atoms are excreted primarily in the _____ as
_____. | back 58 B. Urine; urea |
front 59 A diet log tracks “N-in vs N-out.” The difference between nitrogen
intake and nitrogen loss each day defines: | back 59 B. Nitrogen balance |
front 60 A malnutrition screening in pediatrics uses the single best indicator
per your notes. What is it? | back 60 C. Weight-for-height measurement |
front 61 A 3-year-old on a maize-heavy diet presents with edema,
hypoalbuminemia, anemia, pot belly, and hair changes. Most likely
diagnosis? | back 61 B. Kwashiorkor |
front 62 A famine-exposed adult shows severe wasting without edema and
profound energy deficiency. This pattern is most consistent
with: | back 62 B. Marasmus |
front 63 During a vitamin overview, the class divides micronutrients into two
broad types. The two classifications are: | back 63 C. Water-soluble and fat-soluble |
front 64 A patient trying to boost antioxidant intake asks about vitamin C
sources. Which set fits your notes? | back 64 A. Citrus, peppers, broccoli |
front 65 A 64-year-old with bleeding gums, poor wound healing, and
perifollicular hemorrhages likely has vitamin C deficiency leading
to: | back 65 C. Scurvy |
front 66 A community program adds thiamin to staples. Which foods are listed
as sources in your notes? | back 66 B. Cereals, breads, pork |
front 67 A patient with edema, irritability, decreased short-term memory,
anorexia, and cardiomegaly is suspected of a vitamin deficiency. Which
deficiency syndrome is described? | back 67 C. Beriberi (thiamin) |
front 68 Which option matches riboflavin (B2) sources per your notes? | back 68 A. Dairy, meat, legumes |
front 69 A patient has sore throat, hyperemia and edema of oral mucosa,
seborrheic dermatitis, and normocytic anemia. This constellation
fits: | back 69 B. Ariboflavinosis (riboflavin deficiency) |
front 70 Which foods supply niacin according to your sheet? | back 70 A. Meat; all protein-containing foods |
front 71 A dermatology consult notes a pigmented rash in sun-exposed areas
with vomiting, constipation, and neurologic symptoms. Most consistent
deficiency? | back 71 B. Niacin |
front 72 Which list contains vitamin B6 sources per your notes? | back 72 A. Meat, oats, noncitrus fruits |
front 73 A patient presents with seborrheic dermatitis, microcytic anemia,
depression, confusion, and seizures. The deficiency most consistent
with this pattern is: | back 73 A. Vitamin B6 |
front 74 Which food sources provide folate in your notes? | back 74 C. Citrus fruits and leafy green vegetables |
front 75 A pregnant patient with impaired cell division and megaloblastic
anemia is counselled on preventing neural tube defects. Which
deficiency explains all three findings per your notes? | back 75 B. Folate |
front 76 A vegan without supplementation is at risk for which vitamin
deficiency based on your source list? | back 76 A. Vitamin B12 |
front 77 A chef following a “nose-to-tail” diet likely gets biotin from which
of these per your notes? | back 77 C. Liver and egg yolk |
front 78 Conjunctivitis, CNS abnormalities, alopecia, and scaly dermatitis
arise in the context of deficiency of which vitamin in your
notes? | back 78 B. Biotin |
front 79 A patient with irritability, fatigue, malaise, GI complaints, and
neurologic symptoms is suspected of a single vitamin deficiency
consistent with your sheet. Which one? | back 79 A. Pantothenic acid deficiency |
front 80 A 6-year-old with poor intake of plant and fish oils has reduced
production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Which diet class
directly supplies the precursors for these eicosanoids? | back 80 B. Essential fatty acids |
front 81 A nutritionist counsels on specific eicosanoid precursors. Which pair
lists ONLY dietary sources named in your notes? | back 81 B. α-linoleic/α-linolenic (plant oils), EPA/DHA (fish oils) |
front 82 A pregnant patient asks why arginine is emphasized in her prenatal
plan. Per your notes, arginine in children and pregnancy is best
classified as: | back 82 C. Conditionally required in the diet due to high synthesis demand |
front 83 Adults efficiently recycle a certain amino acid but still need tiny
amounts in the diet; in children and pregnant women the requirement
rises disproportionately. Which amino acid is this? | back 83 A. Histidine |
front 84 Which amino acids are “conditionally essential,” becoming
diet-required when precursor intake or conversion is inadequate? | back 84 B. Tyrosine and cysteine |
front 85 A toddler with untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) has low tyrosine
despite adequate protein intake. Which defective step explains
this? | back 85 B. Phenylalanine → tyrosine via phenylalanine hydroxylase |
front 86 A patient with low intake of milk, liver, and eggs develops hepatic
injury. Which deficiency matches? | back 86 A. Choline |
front 87 Night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratinization of GI/respiratory/GU
epithelia, and dry scaly skin reflect deficiency of vitamin from milk,
green leafy, and deep orange produce. Which vitamin? | back 87 A. Vitamin A |
front 88 A newborn with hemorrhagic disease and a mother with poor intake of
leafy greens, cabbage-family vegetables, and little gut flora exposure
is most likely deficient in: | back 88 C. Vitamin K |
front 89 A child with rachitic leg bowing improves with fortified milk,
cereals, eggs, fatty fish, and safe sunlight. Which vitamin? | back 89 B. D |
front 90 Progressive neurologic abnormalities and muscular dystrophy-like
myopathy improve with vegetable oils, margarine, wheat germ, nuts, and
greens. Which vitamin? | back 90 B. Vitamin E |
front 91 Most vitamins in metabolism are used primarily as: | back 91 B. Coenzymes |
front 92 A label exceeds the highest daily intake with no known risk. The
ceiling is termed: | back 92 C. UL |
front 93 Which trio are the major electrolytes establishing ion gradients,
maintaining water balance, and neutralizing protein charges? | back 93 B. Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻ |
front 94 Which two minerals serve as structural components of bone and
teeth? | back 94 A. Calcium and phosphorus |
front 95 Which mineral is directly active in blood clotting and hormone
action? | back 95 B. Calcium |
front 96 Which mineral is required for formation of ATP and phosphorylated
intermediates of metabolism? | back 96 B. Phosphorus |
front 97 Which mineral activates enzymes and forms complexes with ATP? | back 97 A. Magnesium |
front 98 Which mineral functions as the oxygen-carrier component of
hemoglobin, with deficiency causing anemia? | back 98 B. Iron |
front 99 Dietary deficiency of which mineral leads to
osteoporosis/osteomalacia with fragile, poorly mineralized bone? | back 99 C. Calcium |
front 100 Dietary deficiency of which mineral causes bone loss with weakness,
anorexia, malaise, and pain? | back 100 A. Phosphorus |
front 101 Sulfur is ingested principally in which amino acids listed in your
notes? | back 101 B. Cysteine and methionine |
front 102 High blood concentrations of cholesterol within which lipoprotein
most contribute to atherosclerotic plaques? | back 102 B. LDL |
front 103 Which dietary pattern most increases circulating LDL cholesterol and
accelerates atherosclerosis, per your notes? | back 103 B. High saturated fat and trans fat |
front 104 Which statement best captures the definition you gave for
“vitamins”? | back 104 B. Organic compounds required in small amounts, not synthesized sufficiently by the body |
front 105 A postpartum patient on a vegetarian diet includes milk and eggs to
avoid a specific deficiency. Which nutrient do these foods supply per
your list? | back 105 B. Choline |
front 106 A 52-year-old with chronically low intake of milk, liver, and eggs
develops elevated transaminases without another cause. Which
deficiency best fits your notes? | back 106 A. Choline deficiency |
front 107 A 7-year-old with night blindness and xerophthalmia likely lacks
foods emphasized in counseling. Which sources align with your
sheet? | back 107 B. Milk, green leafy vegetables, deep orange fruits/vegetables |
front 108 A patient has keratinization of epithelial surfaces in the GI and
respiratory tracts and dry scaly skin. The deficiency most consistent
with your notes is: | back 108 C. Vitamin A |
front 109 A newborn presents with bleeding from heel sticks. Maternal
counseling identifies dietary sources and gut flora as contributors to
which vitamin? | back 109 A. Vitamin K |
front 110 A deficiency causing defective blood coagulation and hemorrhagic
anemia of the newborn is most consistent with: | back 110 B. Vitamin K deficiency |
front 111 Which list matches vitamin D sources you provided? | back 111 B. Fatty fish, sunlight exposure |
front 112 Bowing of the legs and widened growth plates in a child are most
consistent with deficiency of which vitamin? | back 112 B. Vitamin D |
front 113 A 60-year-old with progressive ataxia and decreased vibratory sense
asks about dietary sources listed for the relevant vitamin. Which set
matches vitamin E sources? | back 113 A. Vegetable oils, margarine, wheat germ |
front 114 Proximal muscle weakness with neurologic abnormalities is documented
in a patient with chronically low intake of vegetable oils and nuts.
Which deficiency best fits? | back 114 C. Vitamin E |
front 115 A dehydrated athlete receives IV fluids targeting “major
electrolytes.” Which trio matches your list? | back 115 A. Sodium, potassium, chloride |
front 116 A biochemistry seminar emphasizes phosphorus in metabolism. Which
functions match your notes? | back 116 B. Formation of ATP and phosphorylated intermediates of metabolism |
front 117 A nutrition handout for a healthy patient lists a suggested
cholesterol intake per day. Which recommendation matches your
sheet? | back 117 C. <300 mg/day healthy; <200 mg/day with atherosclerosis |
front 118 A patient tracking sodium sees your “recommended salt per day” line.
Which amount matches your notes? | back 118 B. 2.3 g (1 tbsp) |
front 119 A teaching slide asks: Fuel is provided in the diet in which three
forms? | back 119 B. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins |
front 120 Energy is obtained from fuel by oxidizing it principally into which
two compounds? | back 120 B. Carbon dioxide and water |
front 121 Unused dietary fuel can be stored in the body as: | back 121 A. Triacylglycerol and glycogen |
front 122 A counselor explains weight change: “It’s the balance of energy eaten
vs. energy required for bodily functions and activity.” The amount
consumed in 24 hours is called: | back 122 C. Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE) |
front 123 A 17-year-old presents with amenorrhea, bradycardia, and intense fear
of weight gain, admitting self-induced restriction. Which diagnosis
aligns? | back 123 B. Anorexia nervosa |
front 124 A 70-year-old with a calcium-deficient diet has fragility fractures
and inadequate bone mineralization. Per your list, this is: | back 124 A. Osteoporosis/osteomalacia |
front 125 Which primary process converts stored fuel from excess dietary intake
into usable energy? | back 125 B. Oxidation |
front 126 Which term describes amino acids the body needs but cannot synthesize
and must obtain from the diet? | back 126 C. Essential amino acids |
front 127 A public health researcher estimates the daily nutrient intake level
that would meet the requirements of half the individuals in a defined
age- and sex-specific population. Which DRI value does this
describe? | back 127 B. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) |
front 128 A clinician develops a patient handout listing daily nutrient intakes
that would satisfy the needs of nearly all (97–98%) healthy adults.
Which reference value is being used? | back 128 A. RDA |
front 129 A dietitian designs a meal plan that specifies percentages of
calories from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to lower chronic
disease risk while meeting nutrient needs. Which term applies? | back 129 C. AMDR |
front 130 A patient consumes large doses of a fat-soluble vitamin daily. The
nutritionist warns that intake above a certain maximum safe level may
cause toxicity. Which DRI parameter is referenced? | back 130 D. UL |
front 131 A factory worker inhales an industrial solvent in air that has no
physiologic use and may be toxic. In your notes, this is a: | back 131 C. Xenobiotic compound |
front 132 Per your notes, xenobiotic compounds are excreted primarily
via: | back 132 A. Urine and feces |
front 133 After complete fuel oxidation, which pairing matches elimination
routes in your notes? | back 133 D. CO2 expired; water urine sweat |
front 134 The cellular process of oxidizing fuel into carbon dioxide and water
is called: | back 134 B. Catabolism |
front 135 In your notes, electron transfer to oxygen during oxidation yields
energy captured as: | back 135 C. Heat and ATP |
front 136 Although oxidation generates heat, your notes emphasize the main
purpose of fuel oxidation is to: | back 136 D. Generate ATP |
front 137 A mitochondrial toxin drops ATP in rapidly proliferating intestinal
crypt cells, impairing macromolecule building. Which ATP-driven
process from your notes is most affected? | back 137 A. Biosynthetic reactions |
front 138 A patient with severe myocardial ischemia develops reduced
contractility as ATP falls. Which ATP-driven process in your notes
best explains the deficit? | back 138 B. Muscle contraction |
front 139 In hypoxic brain injury, neurons lose Na⁺/K⁺ gradients and
depolarize. Which ATP-driven process in your notes has failed? | back 139 D. Active transport |
front 140 Your notes emphasize that glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
converge early to a shared intermediate before TCA oxidation. That
intermediate is: | back 140 A. Acetyl-CoA |
front 141 A patient wants maximal stored calories with minimal added body mass.
Per your notes, glycogen is a poor primary storage form compared with
triacylglycerol because it: | back 141 C. Binds substantial water mass |
front 142 In the DEE equation from your notes, the term for energy required to
process food eaten is: | back 142 D. Diet-induced thermogenesis |
front 143 In your notes, minerals are generally divided into: | back 143 C. Macrominerals and trace minerals |
front 144 Your notes define electrolytes as: | back 144 A. Inorganic ions in body fluids |
front 145 In your notes, electrolytes are categorized as: | back 145 B. Macrominerals |