front 1 Meningitis (Neisseria) | back 1 Causative Organism: Neisseria meningitidis (gram-negative diplococci) Mode of Transmission: Droplet contact Virulence Factors: Capsule, endotoxin and IgA protease Culture/Diagnosis: Gram stain/culture of CSF, blood, rapid antigenic tests, oxidase test, and PCR Prevention: Conjugated vaccine; ciprofloxacin, rifampin, or ceftriaxone used to protect contacts Treatment: Ceftriaxone, penicillin |
front 2 Meningitis (Streptococcus) | back 2 Causative Organism: Streptococcus pneumoniae (small, gram-positive, flattened coccus) Mode of Transmission: Droplet contact Virulence Factors: Capsule, induction of apoptosis, hemolysin, and hydrogen peroxide production Culture/Diagnosis: Gram stain/culture of CSF Prevention: Two vaccines: Prevnar
Treatment: Vancomycin + ceftriaxone or |
front 3 Meningitis (Haemophilus) | back 3 Causative Organism: Haemophilus influenzae (gram-negative coccobacillus) Mode of Transmission: Droplet contact Virulence Factors: Capsule Culture/Diagnosis: Culture on chocolate agar Prevention: Hib vaccine, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, or ceftriaxone Treatment: ceftriaxone |
front 4 Meningitis (Listeria) | back 4 Causative Organism: Listeria moncytogenes (gram-positive from coccobacilli to long filaments) Mode of Transmission: Vehicle (food) Virulence Factors: Intracellular growth Culture/Diagnosis: cold enrichment, rapid methods Prevention: cooking food, avoiding unpasteurized dairy products Treatment: Ampicillin + gentamicin |
front 5 Meningitis (Cryptococcus) | back 5 Causative Organism: Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast) Mode of Transmission: Vehicle (air, dust) Virulence Factors: Capsule, melanin production Culture/Diagnosis: Negative staining, biochemical tests, DNA probes, cryptococcal antigen test Prevention: N/A Treatment: Amphotericin B and flucytosine, followed by fluconazole |
front 6 Meningitis (Coccidioides) | back 6 Causative Organism: Coccidioides Mode of Transmission: Vehicle (air, dust, and soil) Virulence Factors: Granuloma (spherule) formation Culture/Diagnosis: dentification of spherules, cultivation on Sabouraud’s agar Prevention: Avoiding airborne endospores Treatment: Fluconazole or amphotericin B |
front 7 Meningitis (viruses) | back 7 Causative Organism: viruses Mode of Transmission: Droplet contact Virulence Factors: Lytic infection of host cells Culture/Diagnosis: Initially, absence of bacteria/fungi/protozoa, followed by viral culture or antigen tests Prevention: N/A Treatment: Usually none (unless specific virus identified and specific antiviral exists) |
front 8 Neonatal and Infant Meningitis (Streptococcus) | back 8 Causative Organism: Streptococcus agalactiae Mode of Transmission: vertical (during birth) Virulence Factors: Capsule Culture/Diagnosis: Culture mother’s genital tract on blood agar; CSF culture of neonate Prevention: Culture and treatment of mother Treatment: Penicillin G plus aminoglycosides |
front 9 Neonatal and Infant Meningitis ( E. coli, K1) | back 9 Causative Organism: Escherichia coli, strain K1 B G- Mode of Transmission: Vertical (during birth) Virulence Factors: N/A Culture/Diagnosis: CSF Gram stain/culture Prevention: N/A Treatment: Ceftazidime or cefepime ± gentamicin |
front 10 Neonatal and Infant Meningitis (Listeria) | back 10 Causative Organism: Listeria monoctogenes Mode of Transmission: Vertical Virulence Factors: Intracellular growth Culture/Diagnosis: Cold enrichment, rapid methods Prevention: Cooking food, avoiding unpasteurized dairy Treatment: Ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
front 11 Neonatal and Infant Meningitis (Cronobacter) | back 11 Causative Organism: Cronobacter sakazakii Mode of Transmission: Vehicle (baby formula) Virulence Factors: Ability to survive dry conditions Culture/Diagnosis: Prevention: Chromogenic differential agar or rapid detection Treatment: Safe preparation and use of, or avoidance
of, |
front 12 Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis | back 12 Causative Organism: Naegleria fowleri Mode of Transmission: Vehicle (exposure while swimming in water) Virulence Factors: Invasiveness Culture/Diagnosis: Examination of CSF; brain imaging, Prevention: Limit warm freshwater or untreated tap water entering nasal passages Treatment: Pentamidine, sulfadiazine |
front 13 Granulomatous Amoebic Meningoencephalitis | back 13 Causative Organism: Acanthamoeba Mode of Transmission: Direct contact Virulence Factors: Invasiveness Culture/Diagnosis: Examination of CSF; brain imaging, biopsy Prevention: N/A Treatment: Surgical excision of granulomas; pentamidine |
front 14 Acute Encephalitis Disease (Arboviruses) | back 14 Causative Organisms: Arboviruses (West Nile virus, La Crosse
virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, St. Louis Mode of Transmission: Vector (arthropod bites) Virulence Factors: Attachment, fusion, invasion capabilities Culture/Diagnosis: History, rapid serological tests,
nucleic Prevention: Insect control Treatment: none |
front 15 Acute Encephalitis Disease (Herpes Simplex) | back 15 Causative Organism: Herpes simplex 1 or 2 Mode of Transmission: Vertical or reactivation of latent Virulence Factors: N/A Culture/Diagnosis: Clinical presentation, PCR, Ab tests, Prevention: Maternal screening for HSV Treatment: Acyclovir |
front 16 Acute Encephalitis Disease (JC virus) | back 16 Causative Organism: JC virus Mode of Transmission: Ubiquitous Virulence Factors: N/A Culture/Diagnosis: PCR of cerebrospinal fluid Prevention: None Treatment: No drugs proven effective; mefloquine and others have been used |
front 17 Acute Encephalitis Disease (Postinfection) | back 17 Causative Organism: Postinfection encephalitis Mode of Transmission: Sequelae of measles, other viral infections, and, occasionally, vaccination Virulence Factors: N/A Culture/Diagnosis: History of viral infection or vaccination Prevention: N/A Treatment: Steroids, anti-inflammatory agents |
front 18 Subacute Encephalitis Disease (Toxoplasma) | back 18 Causative Organism: Toxoplasma gondii Mode of Transmission: Vehicle (meat) or fecal–oral Virulence Factors: Intracellular growth Culture/Diagnosis: Serological detection of IgM, culture, histology Prevention: Personal hygiene, food hygiene Treatment: Pyrimethamine and/or leucovorin and/or sulfadiazine |
front 19 Subacute Encephalitis Disease (sclerosing) | back 19 Causative Organism: Subacute sclerosing Mode of Transmission: Persistence of measles virus Virulence Factors: Cell fusion, evasion of immune system Culture/Diagnosis: EEGs, MRI, serology (Ab versus measles virus) Prevention: None Treatment: None |
front 20 Subacute Encephalitis Disease (Prions) | back 20 Causative Organism: Prions Mode of Transmission: CJD = direct/parenteral contact with infected tissue, or inherited vCJD = vehicle (meat, parenteral) Virulence Factors: Avoidance of host immune response Culture/Diagnosis: Biopsy, image of brain Prevention: Avoiding infected meat or instruments; no prevention for inherited form Treatment: None |
front 21 Zika Virus Infection | back 21 Causative Organism: Zika virus Mode of Transmission: Vertical, vector-borne, sexual
contact; Virulence Factors: Protein that reduces innate immune Culture/Diagnosis: PCR testing Prevention: Avoiding mosquitoes; no vaccine yet Treatment: Supportive |
front 22 Rabies Disease | back 22 Causative Organism: Rabies virus Mode of Transmission: Parenteral (bite trauma), droplet contact Virulence Factors: Envelope glycoprotein Culture/Diagnosis: Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA) Prevention: Inactivated vaccine Treatment: Postexposure passive and active immunization; induced coma and ventilator support if symptoms have begun |
front 23 Poliomyelitis Disease | back 23 Causative Organism: Poliovirus Mode of Transmission: Fecal-oral, vehicle Virulence Factors: Attachment mechanisms Culture/Diagnosis: Viral culture, serology Prevention: Live attenuated (developing world);
inactivated Treatment: None, palliative, supportive |
front 24 Tetanus Disease | back 24 Causative Organism: Clostridium tentani Mode of Transmission: Parenteral, direct contact Virulence Factors: Tetanospasm exotoxin Culture/Diagnosis: Symptomatic Prevention: Tetanus toxoid immunization Treatment: Combination of passive antitoxin and tetanus |
front 25 Botulism Disease | back 25 Causative Organism: Clostridium botulinum Mode of Transmission: Vehicle (foodborne toxin, airborne organism), direct contact (wound), and parenteral (injection) Virulence Factors: Botulinum exotoxin Culture/Diagnosis: Culture of organism; demonstration of toxin Prevention: Food hygiene; toxoid immunization available
for Treatment: Antitoxin, penicillin G for wound botulism,
and |
front 26 African Sleeping Sickness Disease | back 26 Causative Organism: T rypanosoma brucei subspecies gambiense or rhodesiense Mode of Transmission: Vector, vertical Virulence Factors: Immune evasion by antigen shifting Culture/Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of blood, CSF Prevention: Vector control Treatment: Suramin or pentamidine (early), eflornithine
or |