front 1 In addition to conventional synapses, hypothalamus–pituitary
signaling also uses: | back 1 B. Soluble humoral factors |
front 2 The pituitary–hypothalamus axis forms a functional link between
the: | back 2 D. Neural and endocrine systems |
front 3 A patient develops profound dysregulation of feeding, thirst, and
sleep–wake cycling after a small deep-brain lesion. The “central
regulator” affected is the: | back 3 A. Hypothalamus |
front 4 Which set best represents core hypothalamic functions described in
your notes? | back 4 C. Homeostatic, endocrine, autonomic, limbic |
front 5 The embryologic structure formed by thickened ectoderm on the
pharyngeal roof that invaginates as Rathke’s pouch becomes
the: | back 5 B. Anterior pituitary |
front 6 An evagination of the floor of the developing ventricular system
gives rise to the: | back 6 A. Posterior pituitary |
front 7 Release of hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by the
hypothalamus through a: | back 7 D. Specialized portal system |
front 8 Which pituitary region contains glandular cells that secrete and
synthesize its own hormones? | back 8 C. Anterior pituitary |
front 9 A neuroanatomy lab identifies a structure composed largely of axons
and nerve terminals whose cell bodies lie in the hypothalamus. This is
the: | back 9 A. Posterior pituitary |
front 10 The hypothalamus is a component of the: | back 10 B. Diencephalon |
front 11 The hypothalamus forms the walls and floor of the inferior portion of
the: | back 11 D. Third ventricle |
front 12 The shallow groove separating hypothalamus from thalamus along the
third ventricle wall is the: | back 12 C. Hypothalamic sulcus |
front 13 On gross anatomy, a “gray protuberance” bulge between the optic
chiasm and mammillary bodies is the: | back 13 B. Tuber cinereum |
front 14 The paired structures forming the posterior portion of the
hypothalamus are the: | back 14 A. Mammillary bodies |
front 15 The “funnel” that arises from the tuber cinereum and continues
inferiorly as the pituitary stalk is the: | back 15 D. Infundibulum |
front 16 During evaluation of hypophyseal portal flow, the elevated anterior
infundibular region where hypothalamic neurons release regulating
factors into portal vessels is the: | back 16 C. Median eminence |
front 17 In a transsphenoidal surgical anatomy briefing, the pituitary fossa
is described as being bounded by the: | back 17 B. Anterior and posterior clinoids |
front 18 The “saddle” structure referenced with the anterior and posterior
clinoid processes is the: | back 18 D. Sella turcica |
front 19 A surgeon approaches the pituitary from below; the sinus immediately
inferior to the sella turcica is the: | back 19 A. Sphenoid sinus |
front 20 Within the pituitary fossa, the pituitary gland is surrounded
by: | back 20 C. Dura mater |
front 21 The dura covering the superior portion of the pituitary fossa is
called the: | back 21 B. Diaphragma sella |
front 22 The pituitary fossa is bounded laterally on both sides by
the: | back 22 D. Cavernous sinus |
front 23 A sellar mass expands posteriorly and inferiorly and compresses the
optic chiasm. The most likely deficit is: | back 23 A. Bitemporal hemianopia |
front 24 The most medial hypothalamic nucleus, closest to the third ventricle,
is the: | back 24 C. Periventricular nucleus |
front 25 The medial forebrain bundle (MFB) is a diffuse fiber system running
through the: | back 25 C. Lateral hypothalamic area |
front 26 The preoptic area is derived embryologically from the: | back 26 A. Telencephalon |
front 27 Specialized retinal ganglion cells containing melanopsin signal
day–night via the retinohypothalamic tract to the: | back 27 D. Suprachiasmatic nucleus |
front 28 A lesion limited to the tuberal (middle) hypothalamus would most
directly involve: | back 28 B. Arcuate, ventromedial, dorsomedial |
front 29 A hypothalamic nucleus projecting to the median eminence to control
the anterior pituitary is the: | back 29 A. Arcuate nucleus |
front 30 The posterior (mammary) hypothalamic region includes: | back 30 C. Mammillary nuclei, posterior nucleus |
front 31 The subiculum projects to the mammillary bodies via the: | back 31 B. Fornix |
front 32 The mammillothalamic tract terminates primarily in the: | back 32 A. Anterior thalamic nucleus |
front 33 Which list matches the 4 major hypothalamic regions in these
notes? | back 33 B. Periventricular, lateral, preoptic, medial |
front 34 Two hypothalamus-to-amygdala pathways are: | back 34 C. Stria terminalis + ventral amygdalofugal |
front 35 A child has gelastic seizures (laughing spells) with behavioral and
cognitive disturbances; imaging shows a rare benign mass. Most likely
diagnosis: | back 35 B. Hypothalamic hamartoma |
front 36 Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) GABAergic neurons promote nonREM
sleep primarily by: | back 36 A. Inhibiting arousal systems |
front 37 A focal lesion of the anterior hypothalamus involving ventrolateral
preoptic area (VLPO) most likely causes: | back 37 C. Insomnia |
front 38 Lesions of the posterior hypothalamus destroying Tuberomammillary
nucleus (TMN) histaminergic neurons and orexin neurons tend to
cause: | back 38 D. Hypersomnia |
front 39 ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) promotes non-REM sleep primarily
by: | back 39 A. Inhibiting arousal systems |
front 40 Damage to the ventromedial nucleus is most likely to cause: | back 40 A. Obesity |
front 41 An adipose-derived hormone binding Ob receptors reduces appetite and
obesity risk. This hormone is: | back 41 D. Leptin |
front 42 A gastric mucosal hormone that binds hypothalamus and stimulates
appetite is: | back 42 C. Ghrelin |
front 43 Activation of osmoreceptors in anterior hypothalamic regions
produces: | back 43 A. Thirst |
front 44 A lesion of the lateral hypothalamus tends to decrease: | back 44 B. Water intake |
front 45 The region most implicated in detecting increased temperature and
activating heat dissipation is the: | back 45 D. Anterior hypothalamus |
front 46 Bilateral posterior hypothalamic lesions can cause poikilothermia
(temperature varies with environment) because of: | back 46 B. Loss conservation and dissipation pathways |
front 47 Choose the correct two: portal first plexus site and cavernous sinus
primary drainage route: | back 47 C. median eminence; petrosal sinuses |
front 48 Oxytocin and vasopressin enter systemic blood from the posterior
pituitary via a: | back 48 C. Capillary plexus |
front 49 A slow-growing, histologically benign tumor from anterior pituitary
glandular epithelium is a: | back 49 A. Pituitary adenoma |
front 50 Even pituitary microadenomas smaller than ____ mm can cause major
endocrine abnormalities: | back 50 D. 1 mm |
front 51 If untreated, large pituitary adenomas can eventually cause: | back 51 B. Hydrocephalus, brainstem compression |
front 52 The most commonly secreted hormone in pituitary adenomas (~50%)
is: | back 52 A. Prolactin |
front 53 After prolactin, the next most common pituitary adenoma secretion
is: | back 53 D. Growth hormone |
front 54 Management options for pituitary adenomas include: | back 54 B. Medication, surgery, radiotherapy |
front 55 Prolactin-secreting adenomas often respond well to: | back 55 C. Dopamine agonist therapy |
front 56 Which pair are dopaminergic agonists used for prolactinomas? | back 56 D. Bromocriptine, cabergoline |
front 57 Initial treatment for non–prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas is
usually: | back 57 A. Surgery |
front 58 A sellar adenoma is removed using a standard route; suprasellar
extension may require a different route. Best pairing is: | back 58 C. Transsphenoidal; intracranial if suprasellar |
front 59 A patient has moon facies, truncal fat, hirsutism, purple striae,
thin skin, HTN, diabetes, edema, infections, osteoporosis, femoral
head AVN, amenorrhea, low libido, fatigue, and mood changes. Most
likely syndrome: | back 59 B. Cushing syndrome |
front 60 Radiotherapy mainly reserved for pituitary adenomas failing surgery
or in high operative risk most commonly uses: | back 60 D. Gamma knife radiotherapy |
front 61 A woman with pituitary adenoma has galactorrhea, infertility, weight
gain, hair loss, and decreased libido. Most typical additional
finding: | back 61 A. Amenorrhea |
front 62 A man with pituitary adenoma has infertility, weight gain, hair loss,
and decreased libido. Most typical additional finding: | back 62 B. Hypogonadism |
front 63 Suspected ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism: dexamethasone is given at
midnight and next-morning cortisol (or urine metabolites) is
suppressed. This most strongly supports: | back 63 C. Pituitary ACTH adenoma |
front 64 A patient with acromegaly has carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis,
hypertension, and diabetes. Which additional problem from the same
note set is also expected? | back 64 A. Infertility |
front 65 Best diagnostic support for acromegaly per this note set is: | back 65 D. High IGF-1, High GH, MRI |
front 66 A patient with hypercortisolism has very low ACTH levels. This
usually suggests a(n): | back 66 B. Adrenal source |
front 67 TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas are a rare cause of: | back 67 C. Hyperthyroidism |
front 68 ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas cause: | back 68 D. Cushing disease |
front 69 “Cushing syndrome” refers to clinical features of: | back 69 A. Glucocorticoid excess, any cause |
front 70 Endogenous Cushing syndrome is most commonly due to: | back 70 B. ACTH overproduction (~85%) |
front 71 Catheters passed femoral → internal jugular → inferior petrosal
sinuses show a 3-fold ACTH rise centrally versus peripheral. This
indicates: | back 71 C. Pituitary ACTH adenoma |
front 72 Which set lists the more common causes of hyperthyroidism? | back 72 C. Graves, thyroiditis, toxic multinodular goiter, thyroid adenoma |
front 73 A patient has proptosis and dermopathy; pathology shows inflammatory
involvement of thyroid, skin, and orbital tissues with extraocular
muscle fibrosis. Most likely diagnosis? | back 73 A. Graves disease |
front 74 Which set best matches common causes of hypothyroidism? | back 74 D. Autoimmune thyroid disease, iodine deficiency, prior ablation |
front 75 A pituitary lesion is found on MRI done for migraines; labs are
normal and the patient is asymptomatic. Best term? | back 75 B. Pituitary incidentaloma |
front 76 Large volumes of dilute urine due to ADH deficiency or renal ADH
resistance best defines: | back 76 A. Diabetes insipidus |
front 77 DI is established in polyuria when urine osmolality is ____ despite
plasma osmolality ____: | back 77 C. Low; increased |
front 78 After SQ vasopressin, urine osmolality rises in neurogenic DI but not
in: | back 78 B. Nephrogenic DI |
front 79 Best treatment approach for DI in these notes is: | back 79 D. SQ or intranasal vasopressin analog |
front 80 Hyponatremia with inappropriately elevated urine osmolality most
strongly suggests: | back 80 D. SIADH |
front 81 A pituitary tumor undergoes spontaneous hemorrhage. This event
is: | back 81 C. Pituitary apoplexy |
front 82 A pituitary tumor causes bitemporal hemianopia by compressing
the: | back 82 A. Optic chiasm |
front 83 Which list matches the 4 major hypothalamic regions in these
notes? | back 83 B. Periventricular, lateral, preoptic, medial |
front 84 Fibers of the medial forebrain bundle run through which hypothalamic
area? | back 84 C. Lateral hypothalamic area |
front 85 Medial and lateral hypothalamic areas are separated by fibers of
the: | back 85 A. Fornix |
front 86 The separating fornix fibers pass through hypothalamus en route to
the: | back 86 D. Mammillary bodies |
front 87 Which is NOT a medial hypothalamic subregion? | back 87 B. Preoptic area |
front 88 Nuclei in the anterior (supraoptic) medial hypothalamus
include: | back 88 A. Anterior, hypothalamic, supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic |
front 89 Nuclei in the middle (tuberal) medial hypothalamus include: | back 89 D. Arcuate, ventromedial, dorsomedial nuclei |
front 90 To control anterior pituitary, arcuate nucleus projects to
the: | back 90 D. Cavernous sinus |
front 91 Descending autonomic fibers originate mainly from the: | back 91 C. Paraventricular nucleus |
front 92 After traveling in the medial forebrain bundle, descending autonomic
fibers pass through: | back 92 D. Dorsolateral brainstem |
front 93 Hypothalamic autonomic outputs ultimately influence: | back 93 A. Preganglionic, parasympathetic and IML sympathetic |
front 94 Preganglionic sympathetic neurons targeted by hypothalamus are
located in: | back 94 B. Thoracolumbar IML cell column |
front 95 The hippocampal formation projects to mammillary bodies via
the: | back 95 C. Fornix |
front 96 Mammillary bodies project toward thalamus via the: | back 96 A. Mammillothalamic tract |
front 97 Limbic–hypothalamic pathways are key for: | back 97 A. Emotional influence on autonomics |
front 98 Hypothalamic hamartomas may cause precocious puberty by: | back 98 B. Releasing hormone secretion |
front 99 VLPO promotes non-REM sleep primarily by: | back 99 A. Inhibiting arousal systems |
front 100 Posterior hypothalamic lesions cause hypersomnia by
destroying: | back 100 B. TMN histamine and orexin neurons |
front 101 TMN histaminergic and orexin neurons are components of the: | back 101 C. Arousal system |
front 102 Anterior pituitary hormone release is controlled via the: | back 102 A. Hypophysial portal system |
front 103 Pituitary arterial blood primarily comes from the: | back 103 C. Superior and inferior hypophysial arteries |
front 104 The pituitary intermediate lobe can produce which pair? | back 104 B. POMC and MSH |
front 105 A pituitary adenoma is best described as a: | back 105 D. Benign anterior epithelial tumor |
front 106 Pituitary adenomas make up about: | back 106 A. 12% intracranial neoplasms |
front 107 Most pituitary adenomas are: | back 107 C. Functioning, hormone-secreting |
front 108 Nonfunctioning adenoma headache is attributed to irritation of pain
fibers in the: | back 108 A. Adjacent cavernous region |
front 109 A nonfunctioning sellar mass causes progressive peripheral vision
loss. Most likely deficit? | back 109 D. Bitemporal hemianopia |
front 110 The first capillary plexus of the hypophysial portal system occurs in
the: | back 110 C. Median eminence |
front 111 Which set correctly lists nuclei projecting to the median
eminence? | back 111 D. Arcuate, periventricular, medial preoptic, paraventricular |
front 112 A patient with GH-secreting adenoma needs drug therapy. Best
choice: | back 112 D. Octreotide, somatostatin analog |
front 113 Standard surgical approach used for most pituitary tumors is: | back 113 A. Transsphenoidal resection |
front 114 In the transsphenoidal approach, the pituitary fossa is entered
through the: | back 114 C. Sphenoid sinus roof |
front 115 Prolactinomas suppress sexual function primarily because
prolactin: | back 115 B. Inhibits LHRH, lowers LH/FSH |
front 116 Petrosal sinus sampling is most useful to: | back 116 D. Separate pituitary vs ectopic ACTH |
front 117 During petrosal sinus sampling, catheters are advanced: | back 117 A. Femoral → jugular → inferior petrosal |
front 118 High-dose dexamethasone that fails to suppress ACTH most
suggests: | back 118 C. Nonpituitary ACTH tumor |
front 119 Central (neurogenic) DI is most classically due to: | back 119 A. Neurosurgery, trauma, infiltrative lesions |
front 120 Nephrogenic DI is best explained by: | back 120 D. Renal insensitivity to ADH |
front 121 A posterior pituitary lesion usually causes DI only when: | back 121 B. High stalk injury causes degeneration |
front 122 After subcutaneous ADH, urine osmolality rises in: | back 122 C. Central diabetes insipidus |
front 123 Drug of choice for SIADH in this note set: | back 123 D. Vaprisol |
front 124 Overly rapid correction of severe SIADH with hypertonic saline
risks: | back 124 B. Central pontine myelinolysis |
front 125 Sudden headache, meningeal signs, cavernous sinus syndrome, vision
loss, hypotension, coma in a pituitary tumor patient suggests: | back 125 C. Pituitary apoplexy |