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Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology-Exercise 1

front 1 Who was the first person known to observe living microbes in suspension?	back 1 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
front 2 When looking through a microscope and making observations what should you be playing close attention to?	back 2 1. Size relationship: how big are bacteria relative to protozoa? 2. Spatial Relationships: where is the bacterium in relation to the others? Are they all together in chains? 3. Behavior: are individual cells moving? or are they flowing in the liquid medium? 4. Sequence of events: Were cells active when you first observed them?
front 3 Who invented the microscope?	back 3 Zacharias Janssen
front 4 Early microscopes were called?	back 4 Simple microscopes Biconvex lenses essentially a magnify glass

front 5 What is used most often to view dark objects in a bright field?	back 5 brightfield compound microscope 2 lenses between eye and object and an illumination system
front 6 Name the basic frame of a microscope	back 6 base, a stage to hold the slide, an arm for carrying the microscope and a body tube for transmitting the magnified image.
front 7 The light source is the ___________?	back 7 base
front 8 Above the light source is the ______________?	back 8 condenser- which consists of several lenses that concentrate light on the slide by focusing it into a cone

front 9 The condenser has an iris diaphragm which controls the ________ and ____________.	back 9 angle size of the cone light
front 10 What does the ability to be able to control the light ensure?	back 10 that optimal light will reach the slide
front 11 Above the stage, on one end of the body tube is a revolving nosepiece that holds three or four____________________?	back 11 objective lenses
front 12 At the end of the tube is an ___________ or eyepiece lens (10x12.5)	back 12 ocular

front 13 What is an monocular microscope?	back 13 one ocular lens
front 14 A binocular microscope has?	back 14 2 ocular lenses
front 15 Coarse adjustment knob is used for _____________________?	back 15 focusing with the low-power objective (4x and 10x)
front 16 The smaller knob is used for focusing with the ___________ and ____________.	back 16 high power and oil immersion lenses

front 17 Coarse adjustment knob moves the lenses or stage_________________.	back 17 longer distances
front 18 The area seen through a microscope is called _______________.	back 18 Field of vision
front 19 The ________ of a microscope depends on the type of objective lenses used with the ocular.	back 19 magnification
front 20 Compound microscopes have 3 or 4 objective lenses mounted on a nosepiece scanning ______, _________, ___________ and _____________________.	back 20 scanning 4x, low-power 10x high-dry 40x to 45x oil immersion 97x to 100x

front 21 The total magnification of the object is calculated by _________________	back 21 multiplying the the magnification of the ocular (usually 10x) by the magnification of the objective lens.
front 22 Which lens is the most important lens in microbiology?	back 22 the oil immersion lens
front 23 The intensity of light of a compound microscope can be adjusted with a wheel that regulates the amount __________ to the bulb.	back 23 current
front 24 True or false. Higher magnification requires more light?	back 24 true

front 25 Resolution or resolving power refers to the ability of lenses to reveal __________or _________________.	back 25 fine detail or two points distinctly separated
front 26 Numerical Aperture in microscopy is defined by?	back 26 NA=n sin O N= refractive index of medium O= Angle between the most divergent light ray gathered by the lens and the center of the lens
front 27 Resolving power=	back 27 Wavelength of light used _________________________ 2x numerical aperture
front 28 Small wavelengths of light improve/or lessen resolving power?	back 28 improve

front 29 What does using immersion oil do?	back 29 It minimizes light loss and the lens focuses very close to the slide.
front 30 What is the focal point?	back 30 where an image is formed
front 31 What is spherical aberration? How can you correct this?	back 31 Multiple focal points By using the iris diaphragm which eliminates light and results in a flat optical system.
front 32 What is chromatic aberration?	back 32 multitude of colors seen in the field to fix this you can use different colored lenses or use a monochromatic light

front 33 When using low powered lens keep the ____________ barely open to achieve good contrast.	back 33 Iris diaphragm
front 34 Parfocal means?	back 34 That when in focus with 1 lens should be in focus with the rest (exception 4x)
front 35 More light is needed how can you do this?	back 35 with the condenser
front 36 What are the magnifications on the microscope?	back 36 (Ocular Lens: 10x) + The Objective Lens is 4x (scanning) = 40X 10x (low power) = 100X, 40x to 45x (high dry) = 400X, 97x to 100x (immersion oil lens) = 1000X

front 37 What parts make up the microscope?	back 37 Ocular Eyepiece, Body tube, Arm, Objective Lenses Stage, Condenser, Coarse adjustment Knob, Fine Adjustment Knob, Base, Iris Diaphrag, Mechanical Stage knobs, Light
front 38 What are the four important behaviors in your drawings?	back 38 1. Size Relationship 2. Spatial Relationship 3. Behavior 4. Sequence of events
front 39 Is the numerical aperture dependent on the maximum angle of the light entering the object lens and on the refractive index?	back 39 Yes, the amount of light bending of the refractive index and of the material between the objective lens and the slide.
front 40 What is Immersion oil?	back 40 makes the light rays pass straight through the slide and you are able to see the specimen clearly, used to keep light from bending.

front 41 What shape does the Bacillus Bacteria carry?	back 41 rod shaped
front 42 What shape does the Coccus bacteria carry?	back 42 Any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria or berry-shaped bacterium
front 43 What shape does the Spirillum bacteria carry?	back 43 any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form
front 44 Which objectives focuses closest to the slide?	back 44 The 97x to 100x with immersion oil.

front 45 Assume the diameter of the field of vision in your microscope is 2mm under low power. If one Bacillus cell is 2u.m. how many Bacillus cells could fit end to end across the field? How many 10u.m yeast cells could fit across the field?	back 45 2u.m./ 1,000u.m. * 1mm = 0.002---> 1000 Bacillus Cells.- 10u.m./1,000u.m. * 1mm = 0.01 ---> 200 Yeast Cells
front 46 Name two ways in which you can enhance the resolving power?	back 46 1.) Decrease the distance by moving the stage by the course adjustment. 2.) Dim the light source to enhance
front 47 Largest organism observed? And the smallest?	back 47 algae- spyro-gyro bacteria
front 48 What were the three bacterial shapes observed?	back 48 sphere (coccus) bacillus (rod) Spiral (spirillum)

front 49 How does increased magnification affect the field of vision?	back 49 decreases
front 50 Which controls on the microscope affect the amount of light reaching the ocular lens?	back 50 Iris diaphragm: less light (higher the contrast)and softer
front 51 Name 2 ways in which you can enhance the resolving power:	back 51 1. Light shortwave 2.Numerical aperture
front 52 What are the advantages of the low-power objective over the oil immersion objective for viewing fungi or algae?	back 52 Fungi is large and its easier to see the whole thing this way rather than a portion of it.

front 53 What would occur if water were accidentally used in place of immersion oil?	back 53 H20 would disperse, less resolution with would make it less dense. "Refractory Index"
front 54 Clinical Application: Assume you are looking for microorganisms in a tissue sample from a lung biopsy. The microbes become apparent when you switch to 100x. What microbes is most likely?	back 54 bacteria
front 55 What are the 4 objectives of lenses?	back 55 Scanning- red band 4x Low Power- yellow band- 10x High Dry- blue band- 40x Oil immersion-white band- 100x
front 56 Higher magnification- field of vision ____________?	back 56 decreases

front 57 What is agar?	back 57 it is extracted from algae for petri dishes- solidifying agent
front 58 Why agar and not gelatin?	back 58 most bacteria can't metabolize it and use it for food Remains solid @incubation Gelatin liquefies at 35-37 degrees Celsius
front 59 In which states is agar used?	back 59 liquid-broth 0% agar semi-solid 0.4-0.7% agar solid-1.5% agar
front 60 True or false. Growth patterns are only in broth.	back 60 true

front 61

Bacterial growth patterns in liquid are?

back 61

1. turbidity-cloudy
2. pellicle- ring of bacterial growth at top of surface
3.flocculent- fluffy or wooly appearance
4. Sediment- bottom pieces