front 1 hepatitis | back 1 inflammation of the liver resulting from viral or bacterial infection; medications, alcohol, or chemicals toxic to the liver; and metabolic or vascular disorders. |
front 2 hepatitis A (HAV) | back 2 fecal- oral route: fecal-contaminated floodwater or raw shell fish from poor hand hygiene by infected person or inadequate sanitation |
front 3 hepatitis B (HBV) | back 3 blood or body fluids such as saliva, semen, menstrual or vaginal fluid; equipment contaminated by infected blood |
front 4 hepatitis C (HCV) | back 4 Blood or body fluids that contain blood: Iv drug use is the most common. birth from HCV- infected mother rarer: unprotected sex |
front 5 alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | back 5 male: 19-36 female: 24-36 most specific enzyme for liver damage. can elevate 50 times normal with death of liver cells |
front 6 aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | back 6 male: 20-40 female: 15-30 |
front 7 ammonia | back 7 10-80 |
front 8 cirrohosis | back 8 the progressive replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue |
front 9 signs and symptoms of cirrhosis | back 9 the liver may be enlarged, firm and tender upon palpation. lab results reflect progressive loss of liver function. as it progresses, increasing loss of liver function and complications are present |
front 10 portal hypertension | back 10 persistent elevated blood pressure in the portal vein |
front 11 hepatic encephalopathy | back 11 caused by elevated ammonia, a by-product of protein metabolism, which disrupts mental status. |
front 12 hepatorenal syndrome | back 12 a secondary failure of the kidneys from cirrhosis. the impaired liver circulation reduces renal blood flow |
front 13 wernicke-korsakoff syndrome | back 13 a brain disorder caused by thiamine (B) deficiency. wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff physchosis often occur together |
front 14 ascites | back 14 treated with diuretics such as spironolactone (aldactone) or furosemide , sodium and fluid restrictions , abstinence from alcohol and albumin infusions for serve ascites |
front 15 esophageal varices | back 15 for bleeding prevention, medications can be used such as the beta blockers propranolol and nadolol. if the patient cannot tolerate the beta blockers or if they have large varies, preventative treatment can include endoscopic variceal ligation using rubber bands |
front 16 acute liver failure | back 16 sudden massive loss of liver tissue |
front 17 early symptoms of acute liver failure | back 17 vague, jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy , confusion, coma and bleeding |
front 18 actue pancreatitis | back 18 inflammation of the pancreas appears to be caused by a process called auto digestion. autodigestion (where the pancreas begins to digest the pancreas) |
front 19 liver transplantation patient is observed for signs of impending rejection | back 19
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front 20 cancer of the liver | back 20 the liver is a likely area of involvement for cancers that originated in the esophagus, lungs, breast, stomach , colon, pancreas, kidney, bladder, or skin |
front 21 Chvostek sign | back 21 twitching of facial muscles with tapping in front of ear over facial nerve indicates neuromuscular irritability and decreased calcium levels |
front 22 turner signs | back 22 a purplish discoloration of the flanks or a purplish discoloration around the umbilicus (Cullen sign) may occur with extensive hemorrhagic destruction of the pancreas |
front 23 serum amylase | back 23 normal: 100-300 units/L |
front 24 serum lipase | back 24 normal: 0-60 units/L |
front 25 chronic pancreatitis | back 25 a progressive fibre-inflammatory disease in which functioning pancreatic tissue is replaced with fibrotic tissue because of inflammation |
front 26 signs and symptoms of chronic pancreatitis | back 26 the patient will report epigastric or LUQ pain that worsens after eating, nausea, and vomiting, weight loss, steatorrhea, and intolerance of fatty foods |
front 27 steatorrhea | back 27 foul smelling greasy loose stools |
front 28 cancer of pancreas | back 28 most primarily tumors of the pancreas are ductal adenocarcinomas. they occur In the endocrine (digestive secretion) parts of the pancreas. |
front 29 signs and symptom- cancer of the pancreas | back 29 epigastric or back pain, anorexia, nausea, fatigue, and malaise are early symptoms. weight loss is the classic sign of pancreatic cancer. reports of abdominal pain worse at night. |
front 30 the Whipple procedure | back 30 a very complex surgery, is the most common for exocrine pancreatic cancer. this surgery removes the head of the pancreas, lymph nodes. nearby, the common bile duct, the gallbladder, most of the duodenum and parts of the stomach |