front 1 endoscopic examination | back 1 used to visualize lesions or structures directly by inserting a tube into the body through an opening or through the body wall may facilitate a diagnosis or be used to obtain a specimen for further examination and diagnosis or perform simple surgery e.g. remove cartilage debris from a knee joint |
front 2 imaging studies | back 2 X-Ray film CT scan ultrasound MRI PET |
front 3 X-Ray film | back 3 ionizing radiation provides an image on film of bones and soft tissues that varies in density with absorption of the x-rays striking the tissues |
front 4 plain x-ray films | back 4 used as a preliminary screen for problems such as fractures or pneumonia |
front 5 contrast medium | back 5 may be used to illustrate digestive tract abnormalities in more detail |
front 6 mammography | back 6 low-dose x-ray films are used to detect lesions in breast tissue |
front 7 bone density scanning | back 7 two x-ray beams are used simultaneously to measure the thickness of bone |
front 8 CT scan | back 8 a cross-section of tissues is provided by scanning machine taking x-ray films in a series of shots from all directions; these measure differences in tissue density |
front 9 ultrasound | back 9 high-frequency sound waves that bounce off body structures are used to obtain images by ultrasonography |
front 10 doppler ultrasound | back 10 assesses the blood flow in arteries and veins by measuring sound waves reflected from moving red blood cells |
front 11 echocardiography | back 11 measures the efficiency of heart valves and heart function |
front 12 MRI | back 12 use a magnetic field surrounding the body and the hydrogen content of the body. radio waves provide the energy source |
front 13 nuclear scanning | back 13 nuclear machine tests involve tracking the distribution of radioactive tracer substance in the body |
front 14 positron emission tomography (PET) | back 14 involves radioisotops used with a scanner and computer to provide a cross-sectional functional image of a tissue such as the brain |
front 15 determinations of electrical activity | back 15 ECG, EKG Stress tests EEG |
front 16 ECG, EKG | back 16 by attaching electrodes to the chest and limbs of a patient, the conduction system of the heart can be assessed the rate, rhythm, and characteristics of the contractions can be recorded by the machine |
front 17 stress test | back 17 exercise electrocardiography electrocardiographic measurements and blood pressure are monitored during a period of controlled exercise on a treadmill or stationary bicycle to determine the cardiac response to increased workload |
front 18 EEG | back 18 electroencephalogram the electrical activity of the neurons in the brain is determined by electrodes attached to the scalp; the activity is then recorded as waves by the machine |
front 19 pulmonary function tests | back 19 both pulmonary volumes and capacities can be measured using a spirometer, a machine into which the patient breathes through a mouthpiece |
front 20 Blood tests | back 20 hematology testing blood chemistry tests |
front 21 hematology testing | back 21 blood is checked for its components and its blood clotting capability depending on the particular test, blood may be procured from a vein or a small puncture on the fingertip |
front 22 complete blood count | back 22 is used to check the count and characteristics of all formed elements or cells as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit |
front 23 hemoglobin | back 23 indicates the amount of hemoglobin in the blood for oxygen transport, independent of the number of red blood cells |
front 24 glycosylated hemoglobin | back 24 measures the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin reflects the blood glucose levels over a period of time it is used to monitor control of diabetes mellitus over the past 90 to 120 days |
front 25 hematocrit | back 25 indicates the percentage of erythrocytes in a specific volume of blood the number of white blood cells is not significant in measuring the cell volume hematocrit can indicate fluid imbalance or anemia |
front 26 white blood cell differential count | back 26 often referred to as a "differential count" determines whether there has may provide a clue to the cause of a problem |
front 27 bone marrow aspiration | back 27 may be used to confirm abnormalities related to the production of blood cells such as megaloblastic anemia or leukemia |
front 28 blood culture and sensitivity | back 28 may be performed if bacteremia or unknown infection is present |
front 29 blood clotting tests | back 29 evaluate various clotting times and serum levels of the clotting factors these tests may be used to determine deficits of individual factors or monitor anticoagulant treatment |
front 30 hemoglobin electrophoresis | back 30 is used to detect the presence of abnormal hemoglobin |
front 31 serum-ferritin | back 31 level indicates the level of iron storage |
front 32 blood chemistry tests | back 32 automated electronic systems are now in widespread use make use of computerized multiple analyzers that can run a number of tests rapidly |
front 33 blood chemistry tests evaluate | back 33 arterial blood gases for acid-base balance serum hormone lipid levels serum electrolytes glucose serum enzymes and isoenzymes serum levels of bilirubin urea or ammonia |
front 34 immunodiagnostic tests | back 34 major changes are occurring in the area of immunodiagnostic testing as improved methods are developed to assess serum antigen and antibody levels |
front 35 chromosomal and genetic analysis | back 35 chromosome analysis, including techniques used in cytogenetics and molecular biology, is used to examine the chromosomes and/or DNA to determine chromosome or genetic abnormalities in affected individuals or carriers to determine paternity or in forensic science |
front 36 therapeutic drug monitoring | back 36 serum drug levels are checked in patients in whom there is a narrow therapeutic range of a drug and risk of toxicity or who have severe renal or liver disease or potenital drug interactions |
front 37 urine tests | back 37 routine urinalysis is used to check the physical and chemical characteristics of a freshly collected urine specimen physical examination of the specimen includes its appearance of specific gravity |
front 38 cerebrospinal fluid tests | back 38 collected by means of a lumbar puncture the pressure is measured, and the fluid is examined for appearance, protein and glucose levels, and the presence of cells or microorganisms |
front 39 fecal tests or stool analysis | back 39 a fecal specimen is checked for its physical characteristics such as color and consistency presence of occult blood is determined by the guaiac test stool cultures are used to check for parasites as well as other microbial content |
front 40 microbiologic tests | back 40 any body fluids or exudates from lesions may be examined for the presence of microorganisms. which then may be identified |