front 1 the first stage of the research process | back 1 basic science - in which researchers work to identify a technology that will limit or prevent the disease process, in a lab with animals or cell cultures |
front 2 the second stage of the research process | back 2 small number of human subjects to determine if the therapy is safe for humans |
front 3 the third stage of the research process | back 3 takes place if the results of the previous research are positive; the majority of therapies do not make it to this point usually double blind studies |
front 4 biopsy | back 4 excision of very small amounts of living tissues |
front 5 diagnosis | back 5 refers to the identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, lab tests, or other tools |
front 6 etiology | back 6 concerns the causative factors in a particular disease, may be multiple causative factors |
front 7 idiopathic | back 7 cause of the disease is unknown |
front 8 iatrogenic | back 8 a treatment, a procedure, or an error may cause a disease |
front 9 predisposing factors | back 9 encompass the tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual indicates high-risk for the disease |
front 10 prophylaxis | back 10 a measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease |
front 11 prevention | back 11 closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors for a specific disease |
front 12 pathogenesis | back 12 development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process |
front 13 onset | back 13 may be sudden and obvious or acute or insidious |
front 14 acute disease | back 14 indicates a short-term illness that develops quickly with marked signs such as high fever or severe pain |
front 15 chronic disease | back 15 often a milder condition that develops gradually but that persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage |
front 16 subclinical | back 16 exists in some conditions in which pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no obvious manifestations, perhaps because of the great reserve capacity of some organs |
front 17 latent | back 17 initial stage with no clinical signs are evident, characterizes some diseases, in infectious diseases this stage may be referred to as the incubation period |
front 18 prodromal | back 18 comprises the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body but the signs are nonspecific |
front 19 manifestations | back 19 clinical evidence effects of a disease, the signs and symptoms, of disease |
front 20 signs | back 20 objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individual |
front 21 symptoms | back 21 subjective feelings, such as pain or nausea |
front 22 lesion | back 22 the term used to describe a specific local change in the tissue |
front 23 syndrome | back 23 a collection of signs and symptoms often affecting more than one organ |
front 24 diagnostic tests | back 24 laboratory tests that assist in the diagnosis of a specific disease the appropriate tests are ordered based on patient's manifestations |
front 25 remissions | back 25 a period or condition in which the manifestations of the disease subside, either permanently or temporarily |
front 26 exacerbation | back 26 a worsening in the severity of the disease or in its signs/symptoms |
front 27 precipitating factor | back 27 a condition that triggers an acute episode, such as a seizure in an individual with a seizure disorder |
front 28 therapy | back 28 therapeutic interventions are treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow the progress of a disease |
front 29 sequelae | back 29 are the potential unwanted outcomes in the primary condition |
front 30 convalescence | back 30 the period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state, it may last for several days or months |
front 31 prognosis | back 31 the probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes |
front 32 morbidity | back 32 indicates the disease rates within a group; this term is sometimes used to indicate the functional impairment that certain conditions such as stroke cause within a population |
front 33 mortality | back 33 figure indicate the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease |
front 34 autopsy | back 34 performed after death to determine the exact cause of death |
front 35 epidemiology | back 35 the science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease |
front 36 occurrence | back 36 tracked by recording two factors: the incidence and the prevalence |
front 37 epidemics | back 37 occur when there are a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area |
front 38 communicable | back 38 diseases are infections that can be spread from one person to another |
front 39 notifiable diseases | back 39 must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities |
front 40 atrophy | back 40 refers to a decrease in the size of cells, resulting in a reduced tissue mass |
front 41 hypertrophy | back 41 refers to an increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass |
front 42 hyperplasia | back 42 defined as an increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass |
front 43 metaplsia | back 43 occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type may result in deficit of vitamin A |
front 44 dysplasia | back 44 tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present, and the rate of mitosis is increased |
front 45 anaplasia | back 45 refers to cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures |
front 46 neoplasia | back 46 new growth tumor |
front 47 apoptosis | back 47 programmed cell death |
front 48 necrosis | back 48 refers to the death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ as a result of irreversible damage and not a programmed cellular event |
front 49 ischemia | back 49 a decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ, owing to circulatory obstruction |
front 50 hypoxia | back 50 reduced oxygen in the tissue |
front 51 anaerobic | back 51 metabolism occurs in the cell in the absence of oxygen |
front 52 pyroptosis | back 52 certain types of intracellular microorganisms induce a type of cell death |
front 53 lysis | back 53 dissolution of the cell |
front 54 lysosomal | back 54 destructive enzymes |
front 55 inflammation | back 55 swelling, redness, and pain |
front 56 morphologic | back 56 structural |
front 57 liquefaction necrosis | back 57 refers to the process by which dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes |
front 58 coagulative necrosis | back 58 occurs when the cell proteins are altered or denatured, and the cells retain some form for a time after death |
front 59 fat necrosis | back 59 occurs when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes |
front 60 caseous necrosis | back 60 a form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms |
front 61 infraction | back 61 the term applied to an area of dead cells resulting from lack oxygen |
front 62 gangrene | back 62 an area of necrotic tissue, usually associated with a lack or loss of blood supply that is followed by invasion of bacteria |