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  1. Print the notecards
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  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

110 notecards = 28 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Earth Science Mid-term

front 1

Steady state theory

back 1

neither a beginning nor an end to the universe (matter is constantly destroyed and remade)

front 2

Contraction-expansion theory

back 2

someday, the universe will contract and expand again

front 3

light year

back 3

the distance light travels in one year

front 4

stars are made of -

back 4

hydrogen and helium

front 5

stars have a -

back 5

finite life span

front 6

the mass of a star controls its -

back 6

evolution

front 7

hydrogen -

back 7

burns first

front 8

helium -

back 8

burns last

front 9

parallex

back 9

used to measure the distance of stars from earth

front 10

hydrogen to helium -

back 10

fusion

front 11

helium to hydrogen -

back 11

fission

front 12

polaris -

back 12

North star

front 13

alpha centaur -

back 13

closest star to Earth

front 14

Nebula -

back 14

dust and gases

front 15

bright stars -

back 15

top

front 16

dim stars -

back 16

bottom

front 17

red shift

back 17

stars moving away

front 18

blue shift

back 18

stars moving towards

front 19

sun -

back 19

main sequence star; 70% hydrogen, 28% helium

front 20

apparent magnitude -

back 20

brightness from earth

front 21

Absolute magnitude -

back 21

brightness if all stars were the same distance

front 22

star nebula theory

back 22

the solar system condensed from a cloud of dust and gas

front 23

asteroid belt is located between -

back 23

Mars and Jupiter

front 24

Comets

back 24

tail always pointed away from the sun

front 25

Kuiper belt

back 25

beyond Neptune where comets originate

front 26

Meteoroid

back 26

small, solid particle

front 27

Meteor

back 27

streaks of light produced by a solid particle

front 28

Meteorite

back 28

a meteoroid that passes through earth's atmosphere and hits earth's surface

front 29

Inner planets -

back 29

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

front 30

Outer planets -

back 30

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus ans Neptune

front 31

Trophosphere -

back 31

layer closest to the ground; temperature drops with altitude; contains all weather

front 32

Stratosphere -

back 32

three layer oxygen atoms bonded together; protect earth from ultra violet radiation

front 33

Mesosphere -

back 33

temperature decreases with altitude; meteors burn up

front 34

Thermosphere -

back 34

largest and outermost layer; contains isosphere( bounces radio waves back to earth

front 35

Stage 1 of the atmosphere -

back 35

mostly hydrogen and helium; earth's surface was molten; no oxygen present

front 36

Stage 2 of the atmosphere -

back 36

formation of moon occurs; volcanoes result in carbon; oceans form, carbon dioxide leaves the atmosphere

front 37

Photosynthesis -

back 37

cynobacteria consumed carbon dioxide and released oxygen

front 38

Modern atmosphere -

back 38

1% trace gas; 21% oxygen; 78% nitrogen

front 39

Insolation -

back 39

the amount of solar radiation reaching a given area

front 40

ITCZ -

back 40

inter-tropical convergence zone; influenced by the sun's radiation; warm air rises

front 41

STHP -

back 41

sub-tropical high pressure belt; influences the distribution of deserts; cold air sinking

front 42

SPLP

back 42

sub-polar low pressure belt; warm air rises

front 43

PH -

back 43

polar high; high to low always

front 44

Wind flow -

back 44

forces that drive surface winds

front 45

Coriolis force -

back 45

the influence of the earth's rotation

front 46

cP

back 46

dry and cold

front 47

mP

back 47

moist and cold

front 48

mT

back 48

moist and warm

front 49

cT

back 49

dry and warm

front 50

warm front -

back 50

warm air; low pressure system; brings rain

front 51

cold front -

back 51

cold air sinking; high pressure system; good weather

front 52

stationary front -

back 52

slow moving

front 53

occluded front -

back 53

balance each other out ( warm and cold front)

front 54

dry line -

back 54

dry air

front 55

cyclone -

back 55

low pressure; tropical storm; counter clockwise; warm air rises

front 56

anti-cyclone -

back 56

high pressure; clear weather; clockwise; cooling air

front 57

sling psychrometer -

back 57

measures relative humidity

front 58

anemometer -

back 58

wind speed

front 59

ocean uses -

back 59

fresh water. petroleum, minerals, food

front 60

sea ice formation -

back 60

needle-like crystals become slush

front 61

iceberg formation -

back 61

icebergs break off of glaciers

front 62

shelf ice -

back 62

plate-like icebergs

front 63

wind power -

back 63

uneven solar heating generates winds

front 64

surface currents -

back 64

wind driven; primarily horizontal

front 65

deep currents -

back 65

differences in density caused by differences in temperature and salinity

front 66

Eutrophication -

back 66

fertilizer carried by run-off causes algae blooms; causes dead zones in oceans

front 67

sedimentation -

back 67

too much sediment stops sunlight from reaching plants; carried from land to water through storm drains

front 68

ocean acidification

back 68

excess carbon dioxide dissolved into ocean by waves; animals' shells are thinner

front 69

carbonates -

back 69

organisms that make their own carbonate shells; build-up of material such as limestone and dolomite

front 70

estuary -

back 70

a semi-enclosed area where fresh water and salt water mix

front 71

salinity -

back 71

higher salinity closer to oceans; lower salinity in rivers

higher salinity during droughts; lower salinity after rainfall

front 72

Tsunami -

back 72

waves generated by sudden movements of the seafloor

front 73

tides -

back 73

waves generated by the gravitational pull of the moon

front 74

wind driven waves -

back 74

created by the transfer of wind energy to the ocean surface

front 75

density driven waves -

back 75

located at the pycnocline (area in which water density increases at a rapid pace

front 76

geologic driven waves -

back 76

created by sudden movements of the seafloor; mostly occur in the Pacific ocean

front 77

tidal range -

back 77

the difference in height between high tides and low tides

front 78

sonar -

back 78

works by transmitting sound waves towards the ocean bottom

front 79

continental margin -

back 79

the zone of transition between ocean basin floor

front 80

continental shelf -

back 80

the gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline

front 81

continental slope -

back 81

the steep gradient that leads to the deep ocean floor

front 82

turbidity current -

back 82

the downslope movement of dense, sediment-laden water

front 83

continental rise -

back 83

the gently sloping surface at the base of the continental slope

front 84

ocean basin floor -

back 84

the area of the deep ocean floor between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge

front 85

abyssal plain -

back 85

the very level area of the deep ocean floor

front 86

seamount -

back 86

an isolated volcanic peak that rises at least 1000 meters above the deep ocean floor

front 87

seafloor spreading -

back 87

the process by which plate tectonics produces at new oceanic ridges

front 88

hydrothermal vents -

back 88

form along mid-ocean ridges; where mineral rich water escapes through cracks in the oceanic crust

front 89

terrigenous sediments -

back 89

consist primarily of mineral grains that were eroded from continental rocks

front 90

biogenous sediments

back 90

consists of shells and skeleton marine animals

front 91

calcareous ooze

back 91

a thick, common biogenous sediment produced by dissolving calcium carbonate shells

front 92

siliceous ooze

back 92

biogenous sediment composed of silica-based shells of single-celled animals

front 93

hydrogenous sediment -

back 93

consists of minerals that crystallize directly from ocean water through various chemical reactions

front 94

gas hydrates -

back 94

compact chemical structures made of water and natural gas

front 95

manganese nodules -

back 95

hard lumps of manganese and other metals

front 96

thermocline -

back 96

the layer of ocean water between about 300 meters and 100 meters

front 97

relative humidity

back 97

is a ratio of the air's actual water-vapor content compared with the amount of water vapor

front 98

dew point -

back 98

the temperature to which a parcel of air would need to be cooled to reach saturation

front 99

cirrus -

back 99

clouds that are high, white, and thin

front 100

cumulus -

back 100

clouds that consist of rounded individual cloud masses

front 101

stratus -

back 101

clouds best described as sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky

front 102

solar eclipse -

back 102

occur when the moon moves in a line directly between earth and the sun

front 103

lunar eclipse -

back 103

occur when the moon passes through the earth's shadow

front 104

red giant -

back 104

a large, cool star of high luminosity; occupies the upper right portion of the HR diagram

front 105

supergiant -

back 105

a very large, very bright red giant star

front 106

protostar -

back 106

a collapsing cloud of gas and dust destined to become a star

front 107

supernova -

back 107

an exploding massive star that increases in brightness many thousands of times

front 108

white dwarf -

back 108

a star that has exhausted most or all of its nuclear fuel and has collapsed

front 109

spiral galaxies -

back 109

about 30% of all galaxies; diameters of 20,000 to 125,000 light years

front 110

elliptical galaxies -

back 110

about 60% of galaxies; range in shape from round to oval