front 1 Civil Liberties | back 1 Fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement by the government. |
front 2 Civil Rights | back 2 Protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group |
front 3 Edward Snowden | back 3 An American traitor and former intelligence contractor who leaked classified documents in 2013, revealing massive secret surveillance programs run by the U.S. |
front 4 Espionage Act of 1917 | back 4 Criminalized actions interfering with the war effort. |
front 5 Bill of Rights | back 5 A list of fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals possess. The first 10 amendments to the US constitution are referred to as the Bill of Rights. |
front 6 Due Process Clause | back 6 The clause in the 14th amendment that restricts state governments from denying citizens their life, liberty, or property without legal safeguards. |
front 7 Gitlow v. New York | back 7 handed out revolutionary pamphlets to overthrow the government and was arrested under NY law. |
front 8 Selective Incorporation | back 8 The piecemeal process through which the supreme court has affirmed that almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights also apply to state governments. |
front 9 Establishment Clause | back 9 1st amendment protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion. |
front 10 Free Exercise Clause | back 10 1st amendment protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs. |
front 11 Engle v. Vitale | back 11 New York Schools led a required prayer, parents objected, and the supreme court stopped school-sponsored prayer. |
front 12 Lemon v. Kurtzman | back 12 Pennsylvania and Rhode Island used state money to fund religious schools and the supreme court said no. |
front 13 Wisconsin v. Yoder | back 13 Amish parents kept kids out of high school for religious reasons, and the supreme court allowed it. |
front 14 Schenck v. U.S. | back 14 Handed out anti-draft flyers during WWI and was punished, which the supreme court allowed |
front 15 Clear and Present Danger Test | back 15 Legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the 1st amendment. |
front 16 Brandenburg v. Ohio | back 16 A KKK leader gave a violent speech, but the supreme court said it was protected and threw out his conviction. |
front 17 Prior Restraint | back 17 The suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security. |
front 18 New York Times Co v. US | back 18 The government tried to stop the pentagon papers from being published, but the supreme court said the press could print them. |
front 19 Symbolic speech | back 19 Protected expression in the form of images, signs, and other symbols. |
front 20 Tinker v. Des Moines | back 20 Students protested with black armbands, got suspended, and court protected their free speech. |
front 21 Libel | back 21 An untrue written statement that injures a person’s reputation. |
front 22 Slander | back 22 An untrue spoken expression that injures a person’s reputation. |
front 23 New York Times v. Sullivan | back 23 A public official sued over a critical ad, but the supreme court protected the newspaper. |
front 24 Actual Malice | back 24 Knowingly false or recklessly false statement about a public figure. |
front 25 Obscenity | back 25 Words, images, or videos that depict sexual activity in an offensive manner and that lack any artistic merit. |
front 26 Miller v. California | back 26 A student mailed adult ads, got convicted, and supreme court set standard for what count as obscene. |
front 27 Time Place and Manner Restrictions | back 27 Government can limit how, when, or where people speak as long as it doesn't censor the message. |
front 28 McDonald v. Chicago | back 28 A state banned handguns, they got sued, and the supreme court said the second amendment applies to the state. |