front 1 Boers | back 1 – Dutch settlers in South Africa, also called Afrikaners, who established farms and communities in the 17th–18th centuries. |
front 2 Zulu | back 2 – A powerful African ethnic group in southern Africa, known for their military organization and resistance to European colonization. |
front 3 Afrikaners | back 3 – Descendants of the Dutch, French, and German settlers in South Africa; primarily spoke Afrikaans and were part of the Boer population. |
front 4 Transvaal Rebellion | back 4 – Conflict in the Transvaal region (South Africa) where Boers resisted British control; part of the tensions leading to the Boer Wars. |
front 5 Boer Wars | back 5 – Two wars (1880–1881 and 1899–1902) between the British Empire and the Boers over control of South Africa, especially for its gold and diamond resources. |
front 6 Shaka Zulu | back 6 – Leader of the Zulu Kingdom who united many Zulu clans and resisted European colonization. |
front 7 Cecil Rhodes | back 7 – British imperialist, businessman, and politician who expanded British control in southern Africa and founded the company that became De Beers. |
front 8 Quinine | back 8 – Medicine derived from the bark of the cinchona tree; used to prevent and treat malaria, allowing Europeans to survive in Africa. |
front 9 Belgian Congo | back 9 – Central African colony personally controlled by King Leopold II of Belgium, notorious for exploitation and human rights abuses. |
front 10 Berlin Conference (1884) | back 10 – Meeting of European powers to divide Africa into colonies, without considering African input. |
front 11 “Scramble for Africa” | back 11 – Rapid colonization of Africa by European nations during the late 19th century. |
front 12 Maxim Gun | back 12 – First automatic machine gun; gave Europeans a military advantage over African armies. |
front 13 Artificial Borders (European Made) | back 13 – Borders drawn by European colonizers that ignored ethnic, cultural, and linguistic divisions in Africa. |
front 14 Henry Stanley | back 14 – Explorer and journalist famous for exploring central Africa and helping King Leopold II claim the Congo. |
front 15 King Leopold II | back 15 – Explorer and journalist famous for exploring central Africa and helping King Leopold II claim the Congo. |
front 16 King Menelik II | back 16 – Emperor of Ethiopia who successfully resisted European colonization at the Battle of Adwa. |
front 17 Crimean War | back 17 – (1853–1856) Conflict in which Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire fought Russia for control of territory; highlighted the strategic importance of the region. |
front 18 Suez Canal | back 18 – Artificial waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea; crucial for trade between Europe and Asia. |
front 19 Mission civilisatrice (French) or "The Civilizing Mission" | back 19 – French policy claiming the goal of spreading European culture, education, and religion to colonies. |
front 20 Indochina | back 20 – Region in Southeast Asia colonized by France; included Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. |
front 21 Plantation | back 21 – Large farm or estate used to grow cash crops (like rubber, coffee, or sugar) for export, often using forced labor. |