front 1 Explain ploidy | back 1 The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell |
front 2 What is the ploidy for a haploid, diploid and hexaploid organism (___N) | back 2 1N, 2N, 6N |
front 3 What are homologous chromosomes? | back 3 Chromosomes with the same gene at the same specific location |
front 4 Define alleles | back 4 Different versions of the same gene |
front 5 What is the max number of alleles per gene that a diploid organism can have? | back 5 2 |
front 6 What is the max number of alleles per gene that a hexaploid organism can have? | back 6 6 |
front 7 Define zygosity | back 7 A term used to denote similarity or dissimilarity of alleles in an organism |
front 8 If an organism has AA or aa alleles it is said to be ____________________, whereas if it has Aa it is said to be _____________________. | back 8 Homozygous, heterozygous |
front 9 What are the two places genes are found in eukaryote cells? | back 9 the nucleus and in the organelles |
front 10 What are autosomes? | back 10 All nucleic chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes |
front 11 What is autosomal variation? | back 11 Phenotypic variation linked to autosomal chromosomes |
front 12 What is sex-linked inheritance? | back 12 Phenotypic variation linked to sex-determining chromosomes |
front 13 What is cytoplasmic inheritance? | back 13 Phenotypic variation linked to organellar chromosomes |
front 14 What is a pure-bred line? | back 14 A lineage with no variation in phenotype over generations (all homozygous) |
front 15 What is a cross? | back 15 The introduction of new genes/traits from one variety or line into a new genetic background |
front 16 What does it mean for an organism to "self"? | back 16 They create new offspring using only their own zygotes ex. pollen and egg from the same flower |
front 17 What is reciprocal pollination? | back 17 When plant A pollinates plant B's flower and plant B pollinates plant A's flower |
front 18 What symbol is used to represent a parental generation? | back 18 P |
front 19 What symbol would be used to represent the first generation of a cross? | back 19 F1 |
front 20 In a trait with multiple variations (at least two) a heterozygous organism will present the ___________________ gene. | back 20 Dominant |
front 21 What is Mendel's law of equal segregation? | back 21 Each parent contributes 1 allele to each offspring with equal frequencies |
front 22 When there are two possible alleles for a gene random mixing of gametes will result in ___ equally frequent combinations. | back 22 4 |
front 23 What is a monohybrid cross? | back 23 A cross between two organisms with variation at 1 genetic locus of interest |
front 24 A species has the following genotypic ratios: A/A : A/a : a/a 1 : 2 : 1 What will the phenotypic ratio be? | back 24 A/A : A/a : a/a 3 : 1 Because A is dominant and will present when homozygous (A/A) and heterozygous (A/a) |
front 25 What is a test cross? | back 25 When an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive parent of the same locus (homozygous recessive can only be 1 of 3 genotype combinations) |
front 26 In a test cross, what will the genotype ratio be if the unknown parent is homozygous dominant? If the unknown parent is heterozygous? | back 26 Homozygous dominant: 100% A/a Heterozygous: 50% A/a: 50% a/a |
front 27 What will the genotype ratios be in a monohybrid cross? | back 27 AA Aa aa 1 : 2 : 1 |
front 28 What is the product (AND) rule? | back 28 The probability of independent events occurring together is equal to the product of their individual probabilities. |
front 29 If you were to toss two coins, what is the probability of both landing on heads? | back 29 Probability of heads on coin 1 = 1/2 Probability of heads on coin 2 = 1/2 Probability of heads on both coins = 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/4 |
front 30 If you were to toss two coins, what is the probability of both landing on heads or both landing on tails? | back 30 Probability of heads on coin 1 = 1/2 Probability of tails on coin 1 = 1/2 Probability of heads on coin 2 = 1/2 Probability of tails on coin 2 = 1/2 Probability of heads on both coins = 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/4 Probability of tails on both coins = 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/4 Probability of heads or tails on both coins = 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2 |
front 31 What is the sum (OR) rule? | back 31 The probability of either one or the other mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of individual probabilities of those events |
front 32 What are the two final outcomes of cellular division? | back 32 Mitosis or meiosis |
front 33 During S-phase of a cell's life, each chromosome ____________________. | back 33 duplicates |
front 34 During S-phase of a cell's life, the number of chromosomes (stays the same/increases/decreases) but the number of sister chromatids (stays the same/increases/decreases). | back 34 stays the same, increases (specifically doubles) |
front 35 Are sister chromatids homologous to each other? Are they identical to each other? | back 35 Yes, yes |
front 36 Are homologous chromosomes identical to each other? Why or why not? | back 36 No, they may have different alleles at the same locus. they made code for the same gene but they may also have different alleles. |
front 37 What are the different stages of M-phase? | back 37 Prophase, ...., Anaphase, telophase, .... |
front 38 Name 3 things that happen during the beggining of interphase to the end of prophase. | back 38 DNA replicates then condenses to chromosomes, homologous chromosomes find each other, align, cross over and further condense |
front 39 How do meiosis and mitosis differ? | back 39 Mitosis is for regular cell division, it results in daughter cells that are exact copies. Meiosis is for gamete creation, it results in a reduction in ploidy with unique genetic combinations in each gamete. |
front 40 How does genetic exchange occur during meiosis? | back 40 Crossing over of chromosomes |
front 41 What is synapsis? | back 41 When all homologous chromosomes are lined up down the middle of a cell during prophase. |
front 42 What lines up chromosomes down the middle of a cell during prophase 1? | back 42 Synaptonemal complex proteins |
front 43 What do kinetochore proteins do? | back 43 They pull chromosomes to opposite poles of a cell during metaphase by attaching spindle fibres to their centromere which then retract |
front 44 What are microtubules? | back 44 Fibres made of tubulin that provide structure to the cell and is involved with mitosis in relation to kinetochores |
front 45 If an organism has a haploid life cycle what does that mean? | back 45 Haploid is the predominant phase for the organism |
front 46 What is a transient diploid cell? What is it's other name? | back 46 A diploid cell formed by fungi to rearrange DNA in times of stress. This cell (aka a meiocyte) undergoes immediate mitosis to form 4 new spore cells |
front 47 Why do we study lots of haploid life in genetics? | back 47 There is no masking of recessive phenotypes. There is no second set of chromosomes that may not be shown, no test crosses are needed to figure out the genotype of an individual. |
front 48 What is it called when a single nucleotide is changed in DNA? | back 48 A single nucleotide polymorphism |
front 49 What is a "wild-type" allele? | back 49 A reference allele for a particular trait, typically chosen because it was the first version of the gene to be sequenced. |
front 50 If a mutation happens on a promoter region what will happen? | back 50 No functional gene product will be had. |
front 51 What are the three outcomes of a mutation? | back 51 A null allele=no functional gene product formed A leaky allele= some functional gene product is formed A silent allele= no change in gene product is formed |
front 52 What happens of a mutation occurs on a protein active site? | back 52 A null allele |
front 53 What happens of a mutation occurs on an intron? | back 53 A leaky allele |
front 54 Are mutant alleles most commonly dominant or recessive? | back 54 Recessive |
front 55 What alleles do the terms haplosufficient and haploinsufficient refer to? | back 55 Wild type alleles |
front 56 If a wild type allele is haplosufficient what does that mean? | back 56 A heterozygous (one wild type allele, one mutant allele) individual can produce enough of the wild type allele protein to have the wild type phenotype. |
front 57 A trait shows if an individual can produce 20 copies of a protein. A heterozygote individual only produces 12 copies of said protein. Is this individual haplosufficient or haploinsufficient? | back 57 Haploinsufficient |
front 58 How are wild type alleles denoted? | back 58 With a + superscript or simply + |
front 59 ___________ names are italicized but not ____________ names. | back 59 Gene, protein |