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26 notecards = 7 pages (4 cards per page)

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1.6 Microbiome and systemic health and disease

front 1

Most of the immune cells reside in

back 1

the GI tissue

front 2

Each human is estimated to host at least ... diffrenet species

back 2

160

front 3

Potentially Beneficial Bacteria (4)

back 3

  1. Bifido/bacterium
  2. Lacto/bacillus
  3. Eu/bacterium
  4. Fuso/bacterium

yellow > production of SCFA

pink> Aid in digestion and antiturmor

front 4

Potentially harmful bateria

back 4

  1. Clos/tridia
  2. Staphylo/coccus
  3. Pro/teus
  4. Pesudo/monas aeruginousa

front 5

Factors leading gut dysbiosis

back 5

  1. Diet
  2. stress
  3. Antibiotics use
  4. Disease
  5. Infections
  6. Change in the enviroment

front 6

Gut microbiome is not static

back 6

- Changes through live stages

- Daily alterations

-Circadian rhythm

front 7

Formula fed babies have changes in the gut microbiome

back 7

- reduced levels of Bifidobacteria

- increased Clostridiales

front 8

At birth, what factors affect the gut microbiome? and observed the abundance of which bacteria?

back 8

  • Mode of delivery
  • Vegina flora
  • Gut microbiota
  • high level of Proteobacteria

front 9

Clock-controlled genes (CCGs) regulate various aspects of physiology including;

back 9

• Metabolism

• Gastrointestinal transit time

• Mucus secretion

• Antimicrobial peptide secretion

• Immune defence

• Intestinal barrier function

front 10

Jet lag is associated with a disrupted circadian rhythm that has been shown to impact

back 10

• bowel movement

• induce gut microbial dysbiosis

• dysfunctional metabolic homeostasis.

front 11

Antibiotics-Driven Gut Microbiome Perturbation in Humans

back 11

  • Colonic bacteria crash after antibiotic treatment, but numbers recover within a week.
  • The diversity of the colonic bacteria take much longer to recover >90 days
  • Highly variable responses to antibiotics between individuals
  • Alters immunity to vaccines

front 12

Why do we not suffer from perpetual chronic GI inflammation?

back 12

The enteroendocrine cells produce a mucosa that covers and protects the intestinal wall from the gut microbiome (inner mucus and outer mucus layer, and it contains anti-microbial peptides.

Also there are tight junctions between cells to prevent bacterial translocation

front 13

Gastrointestinal perforation symptoms

back 13

•Vomiting

•Severe abdominal pain

•Bloody stool

•Hardness of the abdomen

•Nausea

•Fever and chills

front 14

Despite improvements in surgical and medical treatments, the overall mortality rate is ..... and the mortality rate of cases that also have diffuse peritonitis is up to ....

back 14

overall mortality rate is 30% and the mortality rate of cases that also have diffuse peritonitis is up to 70%

front 15

Gastrointestinal perforation cause

back 15

  1. Peptic ulcer
  2. cancer
  3. IBD
  4. colitis
  5. DD
  6. Operative complications
  7. Trauma

front 16

How do microbes in the intestine influence the host?

back 16

Bad bacteria > Immune suppression

Good bateria > immune activation

front 17

SCFA (types, where, active group in the molecule)

back 17

- most abundant in the proximal colon

- acetate, butyrate, propionate

- Carboxyl group

front 18

NDC examples

back 18

  • cellulose
  • Fructoseoligosaccharides
  • Galactoseoligosaccharides
  • Pectin
  • Xylan

front 19

SCFA receptors in the gut

back 19

  • Gpr41/FFA3
  • Gpr43/FFA2
  • OR51E2 (Acetate and propionate)

front 20

Butyrate functions

back 20

  • Energy source for epithelial cells
  • Activates the inflammasome and
  • The release of IL-18, which strengthens intestinal barrier integrity.
  • Dampens inflammation
  • promotes T regulatory cells within the intestine
  • Anti-cancer function ( Increased concentrations of butyrate inhibit HDAC activity and induce apoptosis, reduce proliferation and increase immunogenicity of cancer cells)

front 21

Gut axis

back 21

- Gut liver axis

- Gut heart axis

- Gut lung axis

- Gut kidney axis

- Gut brain axis

front 22

Diseases/conditions associated with the

Gut – Brain Axis

back 22

  • Pain
  • Neurodegenerative diseases
  • Obesity
  • Addiction
  • Eplipsy
  • Stroke
  • IBS
  • Anxiety and stress
  • Psychiatric disorders

front 23

Patients with COVID-19 showed

back 23

  • Decreased bacterial diversity
  • reduced abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria.
  • increased numbers of opportunistic pathogens.
  • Dysbiosis persisted for at least 30 days after infection

front 24

Potential therapies for COVID 19

back 24

  1. Probiotics and prebiotics
  2. Faecal microbiota transplant
  3. Microbiota-derived metabolites
  4. Engineered symbiotic bacteria

front 25

Maintaining healthy gut flora could help patients combat cancer.

back 25

  • Melanoma patients receiving PD-1 blockade had a greater abundance of “good” bacteria in the guts of responding patients.
  • Nonresponders had an imbalance in gut flora composition, which correlated with impaired immune cell activity.

front 26

Faecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy

back 26

Microbiota modulation promoted the infiltration of dendritic cells into remote tumours, which resulted in the activation of both T helper 1 cells via interleukin-12 (IL-12) and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.