The numerous near-wars and diplomatic crises of the United States in the late 1880s and 1890s demonstrated a. the hostile reaction to American expansionism b. that other nations were jealous of American power c. how weak America seemed to the rest of the world d. the failure of the Monroe Doctrine e. the aggressive new national mood

e

To justify American intervention in the Venezuela boundary dispute with Britain, Secretary of State Olney invoked the a. Platt Amendment b. Open Door policy c. Monroe Doctrine d. Foraker Act e. Gentlemen’s Agreement

c

During the boundary dispute between Venezuela and Britain, the United States a. threatened war with Britain and asserted its domination of Latin America b. failed to invoke the Monroe Doctrine c. sought a peaceful negotiated settlement d. asserted its strong belief in Latin American independence e. was only “twisting the British lion’s tail” for domestic political effect

a

A primary reason that the British submitted their border dispute with Venezuela to arbitration was a. that growing tensions with Germany made Britain reluctant to engage in conflict with the United States b. that they expected the Monroe Doctrine to be ruled invalid in the World Court c. that they did not want to become involved in a dangerous war in South America d. to undermine Spain’s close relations with the Latin American republics e. that they accepted America’s complete domination of Latin America

a

The near-war between the United States and Britain over the Venezuela boundary crisis ultimately resulted in a. a brief war between Venezuela and British Guiana b. British concession of the disputed territory to Venezuela c. stationing United States marines along the disputed border d. a growing diplomatic reconciliation between the two English-speaking countries e. a naval arms race between the United States and Britain

d

One reason that the white American sugar lords tried to overthrow native Hawaiian rule and annex the islands to the United States was they a. found the government of Queen Liliuokalani repressive and inefficient b. sought to control American foreign policy in the Pacific c. wanted to convert the native Hawaiians and East Asian immigrants to Christianity d. feared that Japan might intervene in Hawaii on behalf of abused Japanese imported laborers e. intended to force the growing native Hawaiian population to become indentured plantation laborers

d

Hawaii’s Queen Liliuokalani was forced from power in 1893 because a. she refused to allow Christian missionaries in her country b. many Hawaiians found her rule corrupt c. Hawaiian agriculture had failed under her leadership d. President Grover Cleveland believed that U.S. national honor required control of the Hawaiian government e. she opposed annexation to the United States and insisted that native Hawaiians should continue to control Hawaii

e

Which of the following prominent American leaders was least enthusiastic about U.S. imperialistic adventures in the 1890s? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. William Randolph Hearst c. Alfred Thayer Mahan d. William McKinley e. Grover Cleveland

e

Before a treaty annexing Hawaii to the United States could be rushed through the U.S. Senate in 1893 a. President Harrison’s term expired and anti-imperialist Grover Cleveland became president b. war broke out between the United States and Spain c. the white American sugar rebels decided that Hawaii should remain independent d. popular opinion in the United States turned against such colonial ventures e. the pro-annexation forces demanded that Hawaii be admitted to the Union as a state

a

President Grover Cleveland rejected the effort to annex Hawaii because a. he wanted to protect the interests of Louisiana sugar producers b. the United States did not have the naval power to protect the islands against Japanese or German threats c. he believed that the native Hawaiians had been wronged and that a majority of Hawaiians opposed annexation to the United States d. passage of the McKinley Tariff made Hawaiian sugar unprofitable e. the United States would soon have to establish military bases in Hawaii

c

The Cuban insurrectos who wanted to overthrow Spanish rule in Cuba a. were heavily dependent on American funding for their rebellion b. blew up the battleship Maine c. made guerrilla raids on Havana d. began assassinating Spanish officials e. adopted a scorched-earth policy of burning cane fields and sugar mills

e

Americans favored providing aid to the Cuban revolutionaries for all of the following reasons except a. fear that the substantial American investment in Cuban sugar and other businesses would be lost b. a belief that Spain’s control of Cuba presented a national security threat to the United States c. fear that Spanish misrule in Cuba menaced the Gulf of Mexico and the route to the proposed Panama Canal d. sympathy for Cuban patriots fighting for their freedom e. the atrocity stories reported in the yellow press of William Randolph Hearst

b

The actual purpose of the battleship Maine’s visit to Cuba was to a. provoke a war with Spain b. protect and evacuate American citizens from the island c. offer a way for Cuban rebels to escape to Florida d. stop rioting by the Cuban rebels e. prepare for intervention by the U.S. marines if necessary

b

President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain mainly because a. the business community favored the conflict b. the Spanish government had directly insulted the United States c. it became clear that there was no other way to obtain Cuban independence d. the Teller Amendment guaranteed that the United States would not establish colonial control of Cuba e. the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it

e

The Teller Amendment a. guaranteed that the United States would support Cuban independence after Spain was ousted b. stated that Cuba would become an American possession c. directed President McKinley to order American troops into Cuba d. appropriated funds to combat yellow fever in Cuba e. granted the United States a permanent base at Guantanamo Bay

a

The most successful American military action during the Spanish-American War was largely due to a. the well-trained U.S. Army b. effective collaboration between U.S. forces and Cuban and Filipino rebels c. the strategic skill of U.S. military leadership d. the efficient logistical support for U.S. forces provided by the War Department e. effective use of the new steel navy

e

On the whole, the United States Army’s performance in Cuba was a. a model of tactical brilliance in an essentially guerrilla campaign b. more successful than that of the U.S. Navy c. crippled by logistical chaos and disease that killed thousands of soldiers d. too dependent on the professional military leadership of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders e. weakened by lingering tensions between former Union and former Confederate officers

c

The Philippine nationalist who led the insurrection against both Spanish rule and the later United States occupation was a. Valeriano Weyler b. Emilio Aguinaldo c. Dupuy de Lóme d. Pasqual de Cervera e. Ramon Macapagal

b

When the United States captured the Philippines from Spain a. Hawaii was annexed by the United States as a key territory in the Pacific b. America granted the Philippines its independence c. Spain immediately asked for an end to the Spanish-American War d. Filipinos were granted American citizenship e. they did so without Filipino assistance

a

Member of the Rough Riders consisted of a. volunteers b. cowboys and former polo players c. ex-convicts d. All of these e. None of these

d

The end of the Cuban War came after the last substantial Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of a. Havana b. Santiago c. Guantanamo d. Samoa e. Manila Bay

b

The greatest loss of life for American fighting men during the Spanish-American War resulted from a. naval battles in the Caribbean b. the war in the Philippines c. land battles in the Cuban campaign d. sickness in both Cuba and the United States e. the bungling of unprofessional military volunteers

d

At the time, the greatest controversy emerging from the Spanish-American War was over a. whether the declaration of war against Spain had been justified b. whether the Teller Amendment promising Cuban independence was wise c. the U.S. insistence on gaining a permanent military base at Guantanamo Bay d. the U.S. colonial acquisition of the Philippines e. the U.S. colonial acquisition of Puerto Rico

d

All of the following became possessions of the United States under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris with Spain except a. Puerto Rico b. Guam c. the Philippine Islands d. Hawaii e. Manila

d

American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines especially stressed a. their strategic advantage for American naval operations b. their economic potential for American businessmen seeking trade with China and other Asian nations c. the opportunity that they presented for Christian missionary work d. the Filipinos’ own preference e. their potential as a military base

b

On the question of whether American laws applied to the overseas territory acquired in the Spanish-American War, the Supreme Court ruled in the Insular Cases that a. the American Constitution and laws did not apply to U.S. colonies b. the president could determine which U.S. laws applied c. federal but not state laws applied d. only tariff laws could be forced e. only the Bill of Rights applied

a

The United States asserted that it had a virtual right of continuing intervention in Cuba in the a. Insular Cases b. Platt Amendment c. Teller Amendment d. Foraker Act e. Guantanamo Bay Treaty

b

By acquiring the Philippine Islands at the end of the Spanish-American War, the United States a. assumed rule over millions of Asian people b. became a full-fledged East Asian power c. assumed commitments that would be difficult to defend d. developed popular support for a big navy e. All of these

e

Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) American declaration of war on Spain, (B) sinking of the Maine, (C) passage of the Teller Amendment, and (D) passage of the Platt Amendment a. A, B, D, C b. D, C, B, A c. B, A, D, C d. B, A, C, D e. C, D, A, B

d

In 1899, guerrilla warfare broke out in the Philippines because a. Spanish citizens still living there tried to regain political control of the country b. the United States refused to give the Filipino people their independence c. Communist insurgents attempted to seize control of the islands d. the United States refused to promote the economic and social development of the Filipino people e. American missionaries tried to convert Catholic Filipinos to Protestantism

b

The American war against the Philippine insurrectionists promoting Philippine independence a. was won with fewer casualties than the war in Cuba b. was remarkable for its avoidance of civilian casualties c. resulted in torture and atrocities committed by both sides d. was waged in accord with traditional American ideals e. was highly popular in the United States

c

President McKinley’s policy of benevolent assimilation in the Philippines a. failed to solve serious sanitation and public-health problems b. fell short of providing an effective public-school system for the Filipinos c. was not welcomed by the Filipinos d. worked remarkably well and led to early independence e. recognized the value of traditional Filipino culture

c

As part of the benevolent assimilation program in the Philippines, the United States did all of the following except a. enhance roads b. work to improve sanitation and public health c. develop economic ties, especially for trade in sugar d. train and enhance the military e. set up schools and help make English a second language

d

Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China because they a. feared that American missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to non-Europeans b. wanted the United States to have exclusive trade rights with the Chinese c. feared German military domination of China d. believed that such intervention undermined Chinese sovereignty e. disliked the superior racial attitudes displayed by the Europeans toward the Chinese

a

America’s initial Open Door policy was essentially an argument to promote a. free trade in China b. equal spheres of influence in China c. military protection for the Chinese emperor d. exclusive trade concessions for the U.S. in Shanghai e. the principle of self-determination

a

China’s Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to a. overthrow the corrupt Chinese government b. establish American power in the Far East c. throw out or kill all foreigners d. destroy the Open Door policy e. restore traditional Chinese religion

c

In response to the Boxer Rebellion, the United States a. refused to accept any indemnity for the losses that it incurred b. sent more American missionaries to China c. sent money but no troops d. became an East Asian power e. abandoned its general principles of nonentanglement and noninvolvement in overseas conflict

e

Teddy Roosevelt received the Republican vice-presidential nomination in 1900 mainly because a. his progressivism balanced McKinley’s conservatism b. New York party bosses wanted him out of the governorship c. his presence on the ticket would appeal to western voters d. Mark Hanna supported his candidacy e. his personal warmth balanced McKinley’s aloofness

b

The extended Open Door policy advocated in Secretary John Hay’s second note to all the great powers called on them to a. recognize Philippine independence at an early date b. guarantee the independence of Cuba c. maintain a balance of power in East Asia d. uphold the territorial integrity of China e. pursue further investment in China

d

In the 1900 presidential election, the Democratic party insisted that ____ was the paramount issue of the campaign a. tariff protection b. imperialism c. free silver d. social reform e. national defense

b

As a vice-presidential candidate in 1900, Teddy Roosevelt a. openly advocated a more progressive program than President McKinley b. appealed primarily to wealthy easterners c. ran a quiet and dignified front-porch campaign d. countered William Jennings Bryan’s popular appeal by engaging in his own flamboyant campaign e. tried to lure former Populists away from the Democrats

d

Construction of an isthmian canal across Central America was motivated mainly by a. a desire to improve defense by allowing rapid naval movements between two oceans b. the Panamanian Revolution c. America’s growing economic interests in Asia d. the British rejection of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty e. American economic interests in Central America

a

The major alternative route, besides Panama, that was seriously considered as the location for a canal between oceans was across a. Colombia b. Nicaragua c. British Honduras d. Mexico e. Costa Rica

b

The United States gained a perpetual lease on the Panama Canal Zone in the a. Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty b. Hay–Pauncefote Treaty c. Clayton–Bulwer Treaty d. Gentlemen’s Agreement e. Teller Amendment

a

Theodore Roosevelt strongly encouraged the Panamanians to revolt against Colombia because a. he thought they would not charge as much for a canal route as the Colombians b. he wanted to establish a permanent U.S. military base in the region c. Roosevelt was personal friends with the Panamanian engineer Bunau-Varilla d. he regarded the Colombians as racially inferior e. the Colombian senate had rejected the American offer to buy a canal route across Panama

e

Teddy Roosevelt’s role in the Panamanian Revolution involved a. using American naval forces to block Colombian troops from crushing the revolt b. ordering an economic embargo of Colombia c. remaining completely neutral d. sending in American ground troops e. funding the Panamanian rebels

a

Theodore Roosevelt’s aggressive policies, along with the economic and political instability in Central America and the Caribbean, frequently led to a. growing demands for U.S. economic aid to the region b. the intervention of the U.S. marines in the region c. radical anti-American movements d. the intervention of Britain and Germany e. the growth of Central American immigration

b

American involvement in the affairs of Latin American nations at the turn of the century usually stemmed from a. the need to defend against Spain b. hope of outright acquisition c. the fact that they were chronically in debt d. immigration control e. strengthening democracy

c

The Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the Monroe Doctrine that was specifically designed to a. enable the United States to rule Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone b. stop European colonization in the Western Hemisphere c. restore cordial relations with Latin America d. establish partnership with Britain e. justify U.S. intervention in Latin American affairs

e

Japan’s victories in the early stages of the Russo-Japanese War were especially stunning because a. it was the first time a non-European nation defeated a European great power b. Japan was positioned to invade the United States c. Russia had a much larger navy d. Japan had been bogged down in China e. the U.S. supported Russia

a

President Roosevelt organized a conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905 to a. extend independence to the Philippines b. mediate a conflict in North Africa c. arrange a mutual defense pact d. establish a colonial office e. mediate an end to the Russo-Japanese War

e

The primary diplomatic result of Roosevelt’s ending of the Russo-Japanese War was that a. the United States allied with Russia b. both Japan and Russia became hostile toward the U.S. c. U.S. relations with Japan improved d. U.S. relations with Russia improved e. China sought an alliance with the U.S.

b

The secret Gentlemen’s Agreement that President Theodore Roosevelt worked out with the Japanese in 1907–1908 a. concluded the Russo-Japanese War b. helped him win the Nobel Peace Prize c. caused Japan to halt the flow of laborers to America in return for repeal of a racist school decree d. stopped yellow journalism e. restricted Japanese immigration to elites

c

The relatively small Japanese immigration into California in the early 1900s led to a. growing Japanese control of key industries b. increased Hollywood casting c. appreciation for Japanese culture d. growing racial discrimination and fear of a yellow peril e. belief Japan would attack the U.S.

d

In the Root–Takahira Agreement of 1908 a. Japan limited immigrant laborers b. the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other’s territorial holdings in the Pacific c. the U.S. accepted Japanese dominance in China d. school segregation trade-off e. Philippines-for-Manchuria deal

b

Which principle from George Washington’s Farewell Address most strongly influenced early U.S. foreign policy? a. Permanent military preparedness b. Avoidance of permanent alliances c. Overseas territorial expansion d. Collective security agreements e. Free trade with Europe

b

Washington’s foreign policy strategy of avoiding alliances was intended mainly to a. prevent European immigration b. weaken American trade c. delay involvement while the nation grew stronger d. prepare for immediate war e. encourage colonial competition

c

The Monroe Doctrine was largely authored by a. James Monroe b. Henry Clay c. John Quincy Adams d. Alexander Hamilton e. Thomas Jefferson

c

At the time it was issued, the Monroe Doctrine was a. strongly enforced by military power b. ignored by Latin America c. a bold declaration with little immediate impact d. rejected by Britain e. supported by all European powers

c

The United States’ belief that the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans protected it from foreign threats contributed to a. aggressive expansionism b. deepened isolationism c. immediate naval buildup d. colonial retreat e. permanent neutrality

b

The Opium War resulted in a. Chinese victory over Britain b. Japan entering China c. forced opening of Chinese ports d. Chinese industrialization e. repeal of European trade rights

c

The Treaty of Nanking was significant because it a. ended Japanese isolation b. granted China equal trade status c. forced China into unequal treaties d. created the Open Door Policy e. returned Hong Kong to China

c

Extraterritoriality meant that foreign citizens in China a. could vote in Chinese elections b. were subject to Chinese law c. followed only their own nation’s laws d. paid higher taxes e. controlled Chinese courts

c

Commodore Matthew Perry’s expedition to Japan was intended to a. colonize the islands b. force Japan to open trade c. defeat the Japanese navy d. spread Christianity e. secure military alliances

b

The Treaty of Kanagawa resulted in a. Japanese industrial reform b. Japanese independence c. opening Japanese ports to U.S. trade d. annexation of Hawaii e. American control of Japan

c

Pan-Americanism sought primarily to promote a. European involvement in Latin America b. U.S. military domination c. hemispheric cooperation and trade d. colonial expansion e. Asian alliances

c

James G. Blaine’s Bureau of American Republics was designed to a. enforce the Monroe Doctrine b. coordinate military defense c. promote customs unions and peace d. annex Latin American nations e. regulate immigration

c

The purchase of Alaska was motivated largely by a. missionary pressure b. fear Russia would lose it to Britain c. immediate gold discovery d. Japanese expansion e. domestic political support

b

The Midway Islands were annexed primarily to a. grow sugar plantations b. settle American farmers c. serve as naval coaling stations d. spread democracy e. house missionaries

c

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst increased newspaper circulation mainly through a. political endorsements b. foreign correspondence c. sensationalized reporting d. government subsidies e. academic journalism

c

Yellow journalism became popular partly because of a. declining literacy b. new printing technology and competition c. government censorship d. reduced entertainment options e. wartime restrictions

b

The de Lôme Letter angered Americans because it a. admitted Spanish sabotage b. criticized American democracy c. insulted President McKinley d. supported Cuban rebels e. revealed U.S. war plans

c

Most American deaths during the Spanish-American War resulted from a. naval combat b. Cuban battles c. Filipino resistance d. disease and poor conditions e. friendly fire

d

The phrase “a splendid little war” was used to describe the Spanish-American War because it was a. inexpensive and bloodless b. quick and victorious c. widely opposed d. fought entirely at sea e. supported by Europe

b

The Spanish-American War increased American nationalism, as reflected by a. labor strikes b. isolationism c. John Philip Sousa’s music d. antiwar literature e. economic depression

c

Following the Spanish-American War, support for a large navy increased due to a. isolationist fears b. Mahan’s naval theories c. agricultural expansion d. labor unrest e. immigration concerns

b

General Leonard Wood’s administration in Cuba was notable for a. suppressing elections b. economic exploitation c. public health reforms d. territorial annexation e. military withdrawal

c

Dr. Walter Reed’s medical research in Cuba helped prove that a. cholera caused yellow fever b. mosquitoes spread yellow fever c. sanitation was ineffective d. Europeans were immune e. vaccines were unnecessary

b

The Guantanamo Bay naval base was obtained through the a. Teller Amendment b. Insular Cases c. Foraker Act d. Platt Amendment e. Treaty of Paris

d

The Open Door Policy aimed to prevent a. Chinese independence b. Japanese dominance c. exclusion of U.S. trade in China d. European colonization of Africa e. missionary expansion

c

China was divided into spheres of influence after a. the Boxer Rebellion b. the Opium War c. the Sino-Japanese War d. the Russo-Japanese War e. World War I

c

The Boxer Rebellion was primarily directed against a. Chinese emperors b. foreign diplomats and missionaries c. Japanese merchants d. Russian soldiers e. American bankers

b

The Second Open Door Note emphasized a. military occupation b. territorial integrity of China c. annexation of ports d. missionary protection e. exclusive American trade

b

The Great White Fleet was sent around the world to a. fight Japan b. test new weapons c. demonstrate U.S. naval power d. evacuate citizens e. enforce the Open Door Policy

c

The Panama Canal project succeeded largely because a. it was privately funded b. disease was eliminated c. engineering challenges were solved d. labor was cheap e. Europe assisted

c

George W. Goethals is best remembered for a. negotiating canal treaties b. leading canal construction c. designing battleships d. governing Panama e. commanding the Great White Fleet

b

The Roosevelt Corollary transformed the Monroe Doctrine by allowing the U.S. to a. annex Latin American nations b. intervene to prevent European involvement c. form alliances d. collect colonies e. abandon neutrality

b