front 1 Explain what community structure is. | back 1 1. what species are in a community 2. What is their relative abundance 3. What are the relationships among the species |
front 2 How do you calculate Simpson's diversity index? | back 2 A fraction with 1 in the numerator and the sum of the squared relative abundances (ex. (0.54)2+(0.24)2...) in the denominator |
front 3 How do you calculate Shannon's diversity index? | back 3 The sum of the relative abundances multiplied by that same relative abundance "lawned" ex. (0.24)(ln 0.24)+(0.16)(ln 0.16).... |
front 4 Discuss four (local-scale) reasons why one community might have more species than another. | back 4
|
front 5 Describe the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) | back 5 Communities that experience more disturbance have greater diversity |
front 6 What is a guild? | back 6 Organisms that feed on similar items (frugivore, seed-eaters, grazers...) |
front 7 What is the difference between primary and secondary succession | back 7 Primary starts from scratch (volcano, no soil or dead soil) while secondary has soil that may or may not have seeds (but no plants) |
front 8 Explain facilitation in succession | back 8 One species promotes the survival of another |
front 9 Explain inhibition in succession | back 9 One species inhibits the survival of another |
front 10 How do you calculate Jaccard’s index of similarity across 2 communities? | back 10 A fraction where the numerator is the amount of species present in both communities and the denominator is the sum of The number of species in community A, the number of species in community B and the number of species in both. Ex. X/A+B+X expressed as a decimal |
front 11 Define primary productivity | back 11 The rate at which solar/chemical energy is captured and converted into chemical bonds by photosynthesis/chemosynthesis |
front 12 Define standing crop | back 12 Biomass of producers present in an ecosystem at a given time and area |
front 13 How are net and gross primary productivity related? | back 13 NPP=GPP-respiration NPP is the productivity possible with the amount of GPP after respiration |
front 14 What percentage of solar energy is captured by plants in photosynthesis? | back 14 1% |
front 15 What percentage of captured solar energy is made into more plants? | back 15 40% |
front 16 Describe 4 methods ecologists can use to measure NPP. | back 16
|
front 17 what factors limit NPP | back 17
|
front 18 where in the world NPP is highest | back 18 The coast and the rainforest |
front 19 What is assimilation efficiency? | back 19 Percentage of consumed energy that is assimilated (goes to respiration or growth) |
front 20 What is ecological efficieny? | back 20 Percentage of net production of one trophic level compared to the next level down |
front 21 What are the 7 major nutrients? | back 21
|
front 22 What are some examples of nitrogen use in the body? | back 22 amino acids, nucleic acids |
front 23 What are some examples of phosphorous use in the body? | back 23 bones, scales, teeth, DNA, ATP, RNA |
front 24 What are some examples of sulfer use in the body? | back 24 Proteins |
front 25 What are some examples of potassium use in the body? | back 25 Enzymes |
front 26 What are some examples of calcium use in the body? | back 26 bones, teeth, muscle contraction |
front 27 What are some examples of magnesium use in the body? | back 27 many enzymes, chlorophyll |
front 28 What are some examples of iron use in the body? | back 28 hemoglobin, needed to make chlorophyll |
front 29 What are the 5 processes in the hydrological cycle? | back 29 Evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, infiltration, run-off |
front 30 Describe what the bacteria in the root nodules of legumes are doing when they fix nitrogen | back 30 Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere gets converted into bioavailable forms |
front 31 Give three examples of a legacy effect | back 31
|
front 32 Compare alpha, beta, and gamma diversity, and explain how each is related to the other. | back 32 Alpha- subset of species in a region that can live at a particular site Gamma- all the species in a region Beta- number of species that differs between two habitats All methods of comparing species diversity |
front 33 What is the concept of perfect nestedness? | back 33 A bunch of smaller patches only have species that a bigger patch has |
front 34 Summarize the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography in your own words | back 34 The closer the island is to the mainland and the bigger the island is the more species it will have. |
front 35 Say approximately how many species on earth have been named by humans, and how many in total are estimated to live on earth? | back 35 1.3 million described, most scientists estimate 10 million species total |
front 36 Define mass extinction | back 36 at least 75% of all species go extinct over 2 million years |
front 37 Most recent mass extinction? | back 37 Extinction of the dinosaurs, 65 million years ago |
front 38 Discuss what proportion of species in various taxonomic groups are threatened globally and in Canada. | back 38 Globally, amphibians and fish. In Canada, amphibians |