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chapter 7

front 1

Chemiosmosis

back 1

- electrons are moved up and down an electron transport system

- energy that is given off by their movement is used to pump protons to one side of the membrane

- an electrochemical gradient builds up and the protons want to come back across the membrane

- the protons are allowed back across

front 2

Redox Reactions

back 2

- short for oxidization/reduction reactions

- when a molecule loses an electron, it just got oxidized

- when a molecule gains an electron, it just got reduced

- one cannot occur without the other happening simultaneously

- if you set up a string of these reactions, it is called an electron transport system

front 3

Important molecules

back 3

H+ = proton

NADH - electron and hydrogen carrier (taxi cab)

  • When the “taxi” is empty = NAD+
  • When the “taxi” is full = NADH

FADH2 - electron and hydrogen carrier (taxi cab)

  • When the “taxi” is empty = FAD+
  • When the “taxi” is full = FADH2

front 4

Glycolysis

back 4

  • Evolved around 3.8 billion years ago
  • Anaerobic
  • Purpose was to create ATP
  • Occurs in the cytoplasm of all living cells
  • 10 steps, each requiring a different enzyme
  • Produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
  • ADP gets a P from a phosphate-bearing intermediate

front 5

Krebs Cycle

back 5

  • Begins with the oxidation of pyruvate
  • Oxidative decarboxylation - every time this occurs, a CO2 is produced, as well as an NADH
  • Is a cycle, so intermediates are regenerated.

front 6

Electron transport phosphorylation

back 6

  • Chemiosmosis occurs!
  • Most of the ATP is made here.
  • Electron and H+ carriers “drive” electrons and H+ to the electron transport system.
  • Electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, and H+ are pumped into the intermembrane space. They build up there, and come back into the matrix via ATP synthase. ATP is made.
  • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. It accepts electrons and H+ and 6 H2Os are produced.

front 7

Fermentation

back 7

  • Harvests chemical energy without using either oxygen or an electron transport system
  • An extension of glycolysis that allows continuous generation of ATP by the substrate-level phosphorylation of glycolysis
  • Under aerobic conditions, NAD+ is recycled from NADH by the transfer of electrons to the electron transport system.
  • An anaerobic alternative is to transfer electrons from NADH to pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.

front 8

Alcohol Fermentation

back 8

  • Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps.
  • The first step releases carbon dioxide from the pyruvate, which is converted to the 2 C acetate.
  • In the second step, acetate is reduced by NADH to form ethanol.
  • This regenerates the supply of NAD+ needed for glycolysis.
  • Bacteria and yeast (beer, wine, etc.)

front 9

Lactic Acid Fermentation

back 9

  • Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2.
  • Fungi, bacteria (cheese, yogurt)
  • Human muscle cells make ATP by lactic acid fermentation when oxygen is scarce.

front 10

What gas is NEEDED for cellular respiration?

back 10

Oxygen

front 11

What gas is PRODUCED during cellular respiration?

back 11

Carbon Dioxide

front 12

Reactants

back 12

-Glucose

-oxygen

front 13

Summary Equation

back 13

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP

Reactants Products