front 1 Code Law | back 1 A legal system based off of written codes rather than judicial precedent. Organized Civil, criminal, and commercial law into statutes. Very common in Latin America. |
front 2 Liberation Theory | back 2 A Christian theory that emerged in Latin America in 60’s and 70’s. It emphasizes social justice, more opportunity for the poor, and critiques inequality. Rooted in Catholicism, and often aligned with grassroots activism. |
front 3 Internal (National) Security Doctrine | back 3 Military doctrine that frames internal dissent, especially with leftists movements, as existential threats. This justified authoritarian repression and military intervention in politics. |
front 4 National Revolutionary Parties | back 4 Political Parties that emerged from revolutionary movements institutionalizing theres ideas. An example could be Mexico’s PRI, which consolidated power after the Mexican Revolution. |
front 5 Electoral Management Bodies | back 5 Institutions responsible for organizing and overseeing elections. They ensure fairness, transparency, and compliance with any electoral laws. Their independence is crucial for democratic legitimacy. |
front 6 Party System Fragmentation | back 6 The division or political representation among many parties. High Fragmentation can weaken governance and stability. It often results from proportional Representation systems. |
front 7 Chilean Presidential Election | back 7 Chile’s presidential elections are held every four years with a runoff system. They have historically reflected shifts between leftist and conservative coalitions. The elections are central to Chile’s democratic transitions since 1990. |
front 8 Proportional Representation | back 8 An electoral system where seats are allocated based on the percentage of votes each party receives. It promotes inclusivity and multiparty representation. However, it can lead to fragmented legislatures. |
front 9 Judicial Autonomy | back 9 The independence of courts from political influence. It ensures impartial application of the law and protects constitutional rights. Strong judicial autonomy is a cornerstone of democratic governance. |
front 10 Jair Bolsonaro | back 10 A Brazilian president from 2019-2022. Was very right winged and emphasized a lot of conservative social values. His tenure was marked with lots of controversy over environmental and pandemic policies. |
front 11 University Reform Movement Doctrine | back 11 Originated in Argentina in 1918. It demanded democratization of universities. It promoted student participation, academic freedom, and autonomy from state control. Influenced higher education reforms across Latin America. |
front 12 US & Venezuela | back 12 Lots of tensions have been between the two countries, involving oil, sanctions, and ideological differences. Relations worsened under Hugo Chavez, and now are not great today with drug trafficking issues. |
front 13 Alternates (Legislature) | back 13 Substitute legislators who replace absent or resigned members. Common in Latin American systems, they ensure continuity of representation. Role varies depending on constitutional and electoral rules. |
front 14 Decree Making power | back 14 The authority of executives to issue binding legal without legislative approval. Common in presidential systems, it allows swift action but risks bypassing democratic checks. |