front 1 what is banign? | back 1 unable to invade healthy surrounding tissue, incapable of indefinite growth |
front 2 what is malignant? | back 2 becomes progressively more invasive, may metastasize |
front 3 what is metastasis? | back 3 the spread of cancer cells beyond the site of origin |
front 4 what are the hallmarks of cancer? | back 4 stimulating their own growth ignoring growth-inhibiting signals avoiding death by apoptosis developing a blood supply: angiogenesis seeding from site of origin to invade other tissues: metastasis constant replication to expand the tumor-cell population evasion and outrunning the immune response |
front 5 what are the cancers of the immune system/blood? | back 5 leukemia lymphoma myeloma |
front 6 leukemia | back 6 a group of cancers that begin in the bone marrow and lead to overproduction of white blood cells |
front 7 lymphoma | back 7 neoplasms of the lymphatic tissues; usually lymphocytes |
front 8 myeloma | back 8 cancer of the plasma cells; they can accumulate in the bone marrow and then secrete abnormal antibodies |
front 9 what are proto-oncogenes | back 9 genes that regulate control of cell growth and division; when mutated can contribute to malignant growth of cells |
front 10 what are tumor-suppressor genes? | back 10 genes that encode proteins which normally function to prevent cells from becoming cancerous; may also include genes that control apoptosis |
front 11 what are the four stages of malignant transformation? | back 11 initiation promotion progression metastasis |
front 12 what are the four types of environmental factors that can cause cancer? | back 12 chemicals UV light radiation oncogenic viruses |
front 13 what are tumor antigens? | back 13 cells are self cells that may express either unique or inappropriately expressed Ag that can be detected by the immune system |
front 14 what are the four groups of tumor antigens that are recognized by the immune system? | back 14 Ag encoded by genes exclusively expressed by tumors Ag encoded by variant forms of normal genes altered by mutation Ag normally expressed only at certain stages of development Ag overexposed in particular tumors |
front 15 what are tumor-specific antigens? | back 15 antigens specific to tumor cells, not found in non-cancer cells |
front 16 what are tumor-associated antigens? | back 16 normal cellular proteins; not unique to cells |
front 17 what are the three phases of immunoediting? | back 17 elimination equilibrium escape |
front 18 elimination | back 18 also known as immunosurvelliance; innate and adaptive immunity |
front 19 equilibrium | back 19 at this stage, the tumor is considered to be dormant; it is decreased in terms of its immunogenicity. the immune system has a hard time recognizing the altered tumor |
front 20 escape | back 20 tumor cells with low immunogenicity can evade immune system detection |
front 21 how do tumor cells evade immune defenses? | back 21 subversion of MHC class I sabotage of apoptotic signals poor co-stimulation T cell exhaustion of tolerance |
front 22 what are the five types of immunity? | back 22 monoclonal antibodies adaptively transferred DCs adaptively transferred T cells CAR T cells checkpoint/blockade therapy |
front 23 monoclonal antibodies | back 23 treatment of terminal B-cell lymphoma with anti-idiotype mAb mAb against CD20 B-cell marker for non-hodgkin's lymphoma immunotoxins, toxic molecules coupled to mAb mAb against HER2 receptor in breast cancer |
front 24 adaptively transferred DCs | back 24 isolate autologous DCs co-culture DCs with antigen re-infuse antigen loaded DCs into patient patient has increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response against tumor antigens, stimulating a stronger CTL response |
front 25 adaptively transferred T cells | back 25 cells obtained from tumors, tumor-draining nodes, or peripheral blood once obtained, the cells are expanded ex vivo using IL-2 cytokine to overcome anergic states patients are depleted of lymphocytes to create a niche for the new cells the expanded cells are reinfused |
front 26 what are CAR T cells? | back 26 chimeric antigen receptor |
front 27 what are the types of CAR T cells? | back 27 truck universal CAR self-driving CAR armored CAR conditional CAR |
front 28 checkpoint/blockade therapy? | back 28 manipulation of costimulatory signals can improve cancer immunity |