front 1 Coleoptera | back 1 'beetles' |
front 2 4 Coleoptera sub orders? | back 2 1. Archostemata 2. Mxyophaga 3. Adephaga 4. Polyphaga |
front 3 Coleoptera Sub order: ARCHOSTEMATA | back 3 -basal order -first appeared 290-248 MYA (permian) -mostly found in decaying wood, feeding on fungi |
front 4 Coleoptera Sub order: ADEPHAGA | back 4 -2nd largest subO -mostly predacous -terretrial & aquatic -diving beetles & whirlygig beetles & tiger beetles |
front 5 Adaphagos in greek means: | back 5 gluttonous |
front 6 Coleoptera Sub order: MYXPHAGA | back 6 -smallest subO -algal feeders |
front 7 Coleoptera Sub order: POLYPHAGA | back 7 -largest beetle subO -mostly herbivorous |
front 8 Burying beetles | back 8 -parents cooperate & sometimes the male has multiple partners |
front 9 Scarab beetles | back 9 -3 to 7 segmented, fan-like or lamellate antennal clubs -important recyclers -important religious symbol in ancient Egypt -Khepri (The Being) was shown as a man with a scarab as his head -in Egyptian times scarabs were associated with life and rebirth |
front 10 Jewel beetles | back 10 -majority are metallic green, blue and red with contrasting markings -some species contain paired infra-red detectors aka heat sensing organs that allow insects to find suitable mating and egg laying sites from several kilometers away |
front 11 Leaf beetles | back 11 -all herbivorous -larvae feed externally, or bore into stems, roots and leaves -many are pests |
front 12 Cotton boll weevils | back 12 -migrated into the US from mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all US cotton-growing areas by the 1920's -boll weevil eradication plan (1978) has allowed cultivation to resume |
front 13 Bugs as pests to trees | back 13 -BARK BEETLES bore into the cambium of trees -ASIAN LONG-HORNED BEETLE from China attacks maple trees |
front 14 Southern pine beetle | back 14 -smaller than a grain of rice -one of the most serious pests of pine |
front 15 ladybird beetles | back 15 -predacious on soft-bodied insects -adults use reflex bleeding |
front 16 reflex bleeding | back 16 toxic fluids ooze out of joints (especially the knees) and deter would-be predators |
front 17 death watch beetles | back 17 larvae that feed on wood are often called "woodworms" |
front 18 strepsiptera | back 18 'streptispterans' |
front 19 strepsiptera | back 19 -endoparasites of insects -sexes are highly dimorphic -usually found in bugs, wasps and bees -females NEOTENOUS (retaining features of the immature stages in the adult) -only the cephalothorax is visible for females -females give birth to many thousands of tiny, six-legged, first instar larvae, called TRIUNGULINS -triungulins try to find immature stages of appropriate host |
front 20 more strepsiptera | back 20 -require a specific host to complete development -if the host are exopterygotes (e.g. grasshoppers or bugs), triungulins are shed as the host moves about -if the hosts are social hymenoptera, triungulins emerge when the host visits a flower, here they sit until a suitable host arrives -cause parasitic castration (their host cannot reproduce) -used in pest control in texas one species attacks fire ants -in texas, female triungulins attach to bush crickets, but males attack to fire ants |
front 21 mecoptera | back 21 'scorpion flies and fleas' |
front 22 mecoptera | back 22 -are closely related to flies (diptera) -antennae are thread-like with up to 60 segments -some (e.g. panorpids) rob prey from orb webs |
front 23 mecoptera reproduction | back 23 -usually takes place in the dark -eggs laid in small groups in soil -males often try to wrestle other males during copulation, some will also steal nuptial gifts |
front 24 mecoptera - fleas | back 24 -small, wingless ectoparasites on mammals and some birds -blood feeders -most are parasitic on land mammals (>90%) -most fleas do NOT live on their hosts all the time |
front 25 mecoptera - fleas as pests | back 25 -best known disease associated is Black Death (or bubonic plague) -caused by bacterium (yersina pestis), which is primarily a disease of rodents -fleas pick up the bacteria during blood meal on infected rat -transmission occurs bc bacteria multiply and block midgut, infected blood is pumped back into host |
front 26 diptera | back 26 'flies' |
front 27 diptera | back 27 -one pair of functional wings (altho some wingless) -4th largest order -halteres; out of phase they provide vital info to flight system to keep insect flying straight -two basic types of mouthparts (biting/sucking and licking/sponging) -20% of all fly species are parasitoids |
front 28 beneficial to the function of ecosystems as diptera: | back 28 -pollinators -parasites -predators -decomposition and recycling |
front 29 giant stinky flowers (Raffleisa) attract flies, act as pollinators | back 29 weighs more than a bowling ball |
front 30 mosquito mouthparts | back 30 -to penetrate skin, stylet bundle is sawed thru the tissue towards a blood vessel -the labium folds back on itself -saliva is pumped down the hypopharynx -blood meal is sucked back up food canal |
front 31 housefly mouthparts | back 31 -paired labial palps located at the end of proboscis, form a sponge-like structure (labellum) -saliva pumped down hypopharynx onto underside of labellum -food then drawn up back into food canal -PSEUDOTRACHEA direct saliva across food |
front 32 diptera reproduction | back 32 -swarming displays -sound production -dances -nuptial gifts -pheromones |
front 33 3 diptera sub orders: | back 33 1. Nematocera 2. Brachycera (Orthorrhapha) 3. Brachycera (Cyclorrhpaha) |
front 34 suborder Nematocera | back 34 -larvae are mostly detrivorous or filter feeders -well defined head capsule (EUCEPHALIC) -mandibles move in a horizontal plane -adults have thread-like antennae with at least 6 segments (usually more) -maxillary palps are long |
front 35 suborder Brachycera - Orthorrhapha | back 35 -larvae have reduced head capsule (HEMICEPHALIC) -larvae are mostly predacous or parasitic -adults have short antennae, less than 6 segments -last segment is elongate or with bristle-like antennae -maxillary palps are short |
front 36 suborder Brachycera - Cyclorrhapha | back 36 -most species are sapropahgous -head capsule is vestigial, retractable (ACEPHALIC) and the mandibles are absent (REPLCAED WITH SPECIALIZED MOUTH HOOKS) -adult last antennae segment is elongate or with bristle-like arista -maxillary palps are short |
front 37 flies are vectors for these human diseases: | back 37 -dengue fever -encephalitis -filariasis -malaria -sleeping sickness -yellow fever |
front 38 tsetse flies | back 38 -both males and females need a blood meal every 2-3 days -vectors for sleeping sickness |
front 39 trichoptera | back 39 'caddisflies' |
front 40 trichoptera | back 40 -aquatic larvae, typically in self-constructed cases or shelters -nocturnal and moth-like -closely related to leps but w/o a proboscis -adults have weakly deveolped mouthparts -wings are membranous and held over body in a tent-like manner -in flight, hind wings are coupled with front wings using special curved hairs |
front 41 trichoptera cnt. | back 41 -larval cases made from shells, pebbles, sticks -held together with silk secreted from glands in the head -pair of hooked prolegs to anchor the larva in case -apneustic (no spiracles) -entire cycle usually takes 1 year -eggs are produced in masses or strings enveloped in jelly-like substance |
front 42 lepidoptera | back 42 'butterflies and moths' |
front 43 lepidoptera | back 43 -scales, proboscis -3rd largest order -wings involved in thermoregulation, dark color absorbs light, light color reflect light -first lep appeared in jurassic with dinosaurs -only 2 of superfams is butterfly, rest moths |
front 44 2 types of mimicry | back 44 batsian & mullerian |
front 45 batesian mimicry | back 45 palatable (edible) butterflies copy unpalatable butterflies |
front 46 mullerian mimicry | back 46 two unpalatable (unedible) species show similar warning coloration |
front 47 key lep superfamilies: | back 47 -Tineoidea -Yponomeutoidea -Torticoidea -Sesiodea -Pyraloidea -Geometroidea -Hesperioidea -Papilionoidea -Lasiocampoidea -Bombycoidea -Noctuidea |
front 48 Lep superfam - Tineoidea | back 48 -most scavengers -larvae make a tunnel or web of silk wherever they feed, or construct a protable case from silk & debris -largest family -attack fur, wool, textiles, dry food |
front 49 Lep superfam - Yponomeuoidea | back 49 -one species particially significant (diamondback moth) -major pest on cabbage, broccolo, canola |
front 50 Lep superfam - Tortricoidea | back 50 -generalist feeders -many species tie or roll leaves together with silk, others bore into fruit, seeds, or stems |
front 51 Lep superfam - Sesoidea | back 51 -often mimic wasps or bees by having large areas of their ings clear of scales -can also have a banded abdomen and buzzing flight |
front 52 Lep superfam - Pyraloidae | back 52 -front of the head has small snout formed by elongate palps held outstretched -tympana organs on abdomen |
front 53 Lep superfam - Geometroidae | back 53 -name means 'earth measurer' -prolegs on 6th and 10th abdominal segments -adults are usually nocturnal |
front 54 Lep superfam - Papilionoidae | back 54 -swallowtails (Papilioinidae) -whites, sulfurs and orange tips (Pieridae) -brush-foot butterflies (Nymphalidae) -blues, copper and hairstreaks (Lycaenidae) |
front 55 hesperioidea | back 55 end of antennae characteristically in an elongated club |
front 56 Lep superfam - Bombycoidea | back 56 -silkworms (Bombycidae) -hawk moths (sphigids) are large moths with a long proboscis that is curled under the head when not in use -some resemble bees and hummingbirds as they hover at flowers |
front 57 Lep superfam - Noctuoidea | back 57 -caterpillars are called cutworms, armyworms and loopers |
front 58 hymenoptera | back 58 'sawflies, wasps, bees and ants' |
front 59 hymenoptera | back 59 -body usually with constricted waist -some species live in social colonies -ovipositor may be modified to sting -2nd largest order -parasitism and carnivory may have arisen via inquiline species; they live in the nest or home of another species w/o causing harm |
front 60 hymenoptera - 2 suborders | back 60 1. Symphata 2. Apocrita |
front 61 symphata | back 61 -basal -primitive hymenoptera -herbivorous -females have saw-like ovipositor |
front 62 apocrita | back 62 -most derived -waist allows for maneuverability for egg laying and defense -parasitic have slender and sometimes, very elongate ovipositor for penetrating and laying eggs in other insects -aculeate (e.g. honey bees and social wasps) have modified ovipositor to sting with an associated poison gland |
front 63 3 segments in apocrita | back 63 1st segment of abdomen (proodeum) is fused to thorax 2nd and sometimes 3rd abdominal segments are narrow and form petiole swollen remainder of abdomen behind petiole is gaster or metasoma |
front 64 3 segments in order (left to right) | back 64 propodeum - petiole - gastor/metasoma |
front 65 2 types of hymenoptera larvae | back 65 -caterpiller-like (Symphyta); sawfly larvae have well-defined head capsule, three pairs of thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs -grub-like (Apocrita); honey bees and social wasps; tend to be simple and maggot-like with no legs and a reduced head capsule |
front 66 idiobonts | back 66 parasitoids that paralyze their host when laying an egg (usually ectoparasitoids) |
front 67 koinobionts | back 67 do not paralyze its host, and the larvae deveolp inside their hosts (endoparasitoids) |
front 68 hyperparasitoids | back 68 species that are parasitoids of other parasitoids |
front 69 hymenoptera superfamilies: | back 69 -Siricoidea -Tenthredinoidea -Ichneumonoidea -Cynipoidea -Chalcidoidea -Chrysidoidea -Vespoidea -Formicidae -Specoidea -Apoidea -Apidae |
front 70 Hymenoptera subfam - Siricoidea | back 70 -large and stout and often strikingly colored; black or metallic blue, or with yellow hornet-like markings -end of abdomen has a distinctive terminal spine; it is sjort in males and spear-like in females |
front 71 Hymenoptera subfam - Tenthredinoidea | back 71 -larvae feeding on tree leaves, including pines, and are gregarious and warning colored (aposematic) |
front 72 Hymenoptera subfam - Ichneumonoidea | back 72 -typically ecto- and endoparasitoids of larvae and pupae of holometabolous insects, altho some are hyperparasitoids -braconids tend to be parasitoids of hemimetabolous insects, usch as bugs, barklice and termites |
front 73 Hymenoptera subfam - Cynipoidea | back 73 -many species use oaks and related trees as their host plants |
front 74 Hymenoptera subfam - Chalcidoidea | back 74 -some are herbivorous or seed feeders or gall formers -includes fig wasps (in the fam Agaonidae) |
front 75 Hymenoptera subfam - Vespoidea | back 75 -velvent ants (Mutillidae), males have wings but females wingless -eggs laid in developing bee larvae |
front 76 Hymenoptera subfam - Formicidae | back 76 -ants vital in nutrient recycling plant dispersal -they move more earth than earthworms -many ants have close assoc w/plants which may provide them w/homes in the forms of galls or larger domatia (ant homes) |
front 77 Hymenoptera subfam - Sphecoidea | back 77 -contains the solitary hunting wasps, digger wasps, and sand wasps -think tarantula hawk wasp |
front 78 Hymenoptera subfam - Apidae | back 78 -bumble bees hairy & stout; honey bees smaller and slender -cobiculum or pollen basket is specialized pollen carrying apparatus -highly social, live in colonies with queen, males and sterile worker females -beekeeping goes back to 2000 BC -colony has 1 queen, 40-80,000 workers, few hundred male/drone bees (to fertilize new queens) -round dance (food is nearby) -waggle dance (food farther) |