front 1 natural and active immunity | back 1 infection |
front 2 artificial and active immunity | back 2 vaccine |
front 3 natural and passive immunity | back 3 maternal antibodies |
front 4 passive and artificial | back 4 antibody transfer |
front 5 under what circumstances would you use passive immunization? | back 5 an individual with an immune deficiency toxin/venom with an intermediate threat to life individuals with immune-deficiencies |
front 6 why wouldn't use you use passive immunization? | back 6 it doesn't activate the immune system; it's just a buffer anti-isotypic antibodies could cause problems if the need is prophylactic |
front 7 vaccination | back 7 intentional exposure to an altered pathogen; also referred to as inoculation |
front 8 immunization | back 8 the process of eliciting a state of protective immunity against a pathogen |
front 9 vaccine valency | back 9 polyvalent vaccines are designed to confer protection against multiple strains of pathogen |
front 10 contraindications | back 10 a specific state in which treatment, surgery, drug, vaccine shouldn't be used because it could be unsafe for a particular individual |
front 11 herd immunity | back 11 when the majority of the population is immune to an infectious agent, the potential reservoirs for the pathogen are reduced. the chances of that pathogen coming contact with susceptible individual are greatly reduced |
front 12 morbidity | back 12 state of illness |
front 13 mortality | back 13 death |
front 14 immunogenicity | back 14 the ability to provoke an immune response |
front 15 efficacy | back 15 the therapeutic effectiveness of a vaccine |
front 16 safety | back 16 the presence or absence of adverse events |
front 17 adverse event | back 17 an unfavorable or unintended manifestation of disease that is associated with administration of the drug (vaccine) |
front 18 variolation | back 18 an early method of inoculating a person against smallpox by intentionally exposing them to the virus, either by scratching pus from a smallpox sore into the skin or by blowing dried scabs into the nose |
front 19 vaccination | back 19 injection of cowpox rather than smallpox cross-reactivity Louis Pasteur expanded the work to other infectious diseases |
front 20 smallpox is the only disease to be completely eradicated, because: | back 20 it evolves slowly, antigens are conserved the vaccine is a live virus that establishes infection at the site of injection; it mimics the innate and adaptive response smallpox is human-specific; no reservoirs in other species |
front 21 what are the three major goals of vaccination? | back 21 safety efficacy sustainability/achievability in target populations |
front 22 in general, what correlates with immune protection? | back 22 basic research and rational design are important to advance vaccine development vaccine development begins with basic research to discover immunogens identification of specific immune targets or correlates of immune protection are crucial for full development |
front 23 what is meant by rational vaccine design? | back 23 original strategies for vaccine production included: isolate, inactive, inject rational design allows us to factor the genetic sequence and structure of the pathogen into the design of the vaccine reverse vaccinology is the use of knowledge of a pathogen's physiology and how it exploits our immune system |
front 24 live attenuated vaccine | back 24 the pathogen is alive, but is attenuated grown under sub-optimal conditions; the pathogen survives and reproduces but can't cause harm pathogenicity is lost, but immunogencitiy is retained MMR, chickenpox, smallpox, rotavirus |
front 25 what are the benefits of live attenuated vaccines? | back 25 the initial response is strong, large quantities of immunogen are made they require relatively few booster immunizations some are attenuated in certain species, but not in others some can be produced by growing the pathogen in abnormal culture conditions some can be genetically engineered |
front 26 what are the drawbacks of live attenuated vaccines? | back 26 potential mutation back to virulent form risk of some disease-related complications requires cold-chain recombinant DNA technology can now be used to make them safer |
front 27 inactivated or killed vaccines | back 27 the whole pathogen is killed or inactived the pathogen structure are preserved, but the pathogen cannot replicate or become virulent again polio, hepatitis A, flu, rabies |
front 28 what are the benefits of killed vaccines? | back 28 safer more stable they often don't require a cold-chain |
front 29 what are the drawbacks of killed vaccines? | back 29 now as robust of a response because they don't replicate, they require large quantities because they're dead, they can't penetrate host cells, endogenous response is severely diminished |
front 30 what is a toxoid vaccine? | back 30 the disease may be due to an exotoxin secretion and not due to the pathogen itself toxoids are exotoxins that have been chemically altered such that lost their pathogenicity but retain their immunogenicity examples include diphtheria and tetanus |
front 31 what are the benefits toxoid vaccine? | back 31 neutralizing antibodies bind to the toxin and render it harmless |
front 32 what are the drawbacks of toxoid immunity? | back 32 only works on those pathogens that secrete toxins |
front 33 purified protein subunit vaccination | back 33 recombinant DNA technology can be used to make protein subunits that protein can then be part of the vaccine formulation these vaccines are often referred to as 'acellular' examples include hepatitis B, pertussis |
front 34 what are benefits purified protein subunit vaccination? | back 34 the recombinant DNA can be manipulated such that mutation can be introduced |
front 35 what are the drawbacks of purified protein subunit vaccines? | back 35 the development process can alter the epitope such that immunogenicity or stability might be compromised - that might alter the type or number of neutralizing antibodies involved like heat-killed vaccines, these cannot get into cells and therefore there is a limited cell-mediated response |
front 36 purified carbohydrate subunit vaccines | back 36 made from purified polysaccharides of pathogens examples include pneumococcus, meningococcus |
front 37 what are the benefits of purified carbohydrate subunit vaccines? | back 37 easy to purify, because there are a lot of them very few side effects |
front 38 what are drawbacks of purified carbohydrate subunit vaccines? | back 38 carbohydrates do not generate T-dependent B cell responses often require a hapten conjugate |
front 39 recombinant vector vaccines | back 39 genes for key antigens are inserted into attenuated virus the virus acts a vector for the antigenic genes which are expressed by host expression machinery examples include COVID19, HIV, RSV, Zika |
front 40 what are the benefits of recombinant vector vaccines? | back 40 all the benefits of attenuated vaccines fewer risks - not using the actual pathogen, little chance of reversion the characteristics of the vector can be advantageous |
front 41 what are the risks of recombinant vaccines? | back 41 immune responses against the vector similar to attenuated viruses, particularly stability problems |
front 42 vaccine excipient | back 42 an inactive molecule that serves as a support or aid to the drug but has no direct therapeutic impact preservatives adjuvants stabilizers cell culture materials inactivating ingredients antibiotics |
front 43 what is an adjuvant? | back 43 molecules included to enhance the immune response to a vaccine, while limiting the amount of antigen administered they can increase the inflammatory response they can enhance antigen presentation they can increase antigen stability |
front 44 what are liposomes? | back 44 microscopic, spherical vesicles made of one or more phospholipid bilayers that can enclose an aqueous core |
front 45 what is a booster vaccine? | back 45 booster vaccination is required to achieve protective immunity to many pathogens |
front 46 what is VAERS? | back 46 vaccine adverse event reporting system contact your healthcare provider report an adverse event using the VAERS online form or the downloadable PDF |
front 47 what are therapeutic vaccines? | back 47 treatment rather than prevention chronic infection allergy chronic inflammation |
front 48 coronavirus | back 48 type of virus |
front 49 SARS-CoV-2 | back 49 the specific virus |
front 50 COVID19 | back 50 the named disease cause by infection of the virus |
front 51 how does coronavirus infect us? | back 51 an infected individual expels virus laden droplets which are then inhaled by a second the inhaled virus finds its way to the upper respiratory tract where it utilizes a receptor known as angiotensin-converting enzymes 2 to enter host cellsS protein of virus attaches to ACE2 once inside it hijacks the cell's machinery further infection results in movement down the respiratory tract |
front 52 what is herd immunity | back 52 when enough people in an area have immunity to a disease that it no longer spreads easily. it usually takes a large number of people getting vaccinated against or infected with the germ to achieve herd immunity |
front 53 how do mRNA vaccines work? | back 53 mRNA vaccines teach our cells how to make a protein that will trigger an immune response inside our bodies like all vaccines, they benefit people who get vaccinated giving them protection against diseases without risking the potential serious consequences newly available to the public |