front 1 Pregnancy | back 1 • Pregnancy - events that occur from fertilization until infant born |
front 2 • Conceptus | back 2 developing offspring |
front 3 • Gestation period | back 3 time from last menstrual period until birth (~280 days) |
front 4 • Embryo | back 4 conceptus from fertilization through week 8 |
front 5 • Fetus | back 5 conceptus from week 9 through birth |
front 6 From Egg to Zygote | back 6 •Oocyte viable for 12 to 24 hours
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front 7 Accomplishing Fertilization | back 7 •Ejaculated sperm
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front 8 Acrosomal Reaction and Sperm Penetration | back 8 •Sperm must breach oocyte coverings
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front 9 Block to Polyspermy | back 9 •Upon entry of sperm, Ca2+ surge from ER causes cortical reaction
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front 10 Completion of Meiosis II and Fertilization | back 10 •As sperm nucleus moves toward oocyte nucleus it swells to form male pronucleus
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front 11 Events of Embryonic Development: Zygote to Blastocyst Implantation | back 11 •Cleavage
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front 12 Implantation | back 12 •Blastocyst floats for 2–3 days
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front 13 Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy | back 13 •Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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front 14 Placentation | back 14 •Formation of placenta from embryonic and maternal tissues:Temporary organ,Embryonic tissues
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front 15 Events of Embryonic Development: Gastrula to Fetus | back 15 • Germ Layers
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front 16 Extraembryonic Membranes | back 16 • Amnion - epiblast cells form transparent sac filled with amniotic fluid
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front 17 Gastrulation | back 17 •Occurs in week 3
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front 18 Organogenesis | back 18 • Gastrulation sets stage for organogenesis
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front 19 Specialization of Endoderm | back 19 •Primitive gut formed from endodermal folding
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front 20 Specialization of Ectoderm | back 20 •Neurulation
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front 21 Specialization of Mesoderm | back 21 •First evidence - appearance of notochord
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front 22 Development of Fetal Circulation | back 22 •First blood cells arise in yolk sac
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front 23 Events of Fetal Development | back 23 •Fetal period - weeks 9 through 38
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front 24 Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother: Anatomical Changes | back 24 •Reproductive organs become engorged with blood
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front 25 Effects of Pregnancy: Metabolic Changes | back 25 •Placental hormones
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front 26 Effects of Pregnancy: Physiological Changes | back 26 •GI tract:Morning sickness believed due to elevated levels of hCG, estrogen and progesterone,Heartburn and constipation are common
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front 27 Homeostatic Imbalance | back 27 •Preeclampsia
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front 28 Parturition | back 28 •Giving birth to baby
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front 29 Initiation of Labor | back 29 •Fetus determines own birth date
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front 30 Stages of Labor: Dilation Stage | back 30 •From labor's onset to fully dilated cervix (10 cm)
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front 31 Stages of Labor: Expulsion Stage | back 31 •From full dilation to delivery of infant
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front 32 Stages of Labor: Expulsion Stage | back 32 •Vertex position – head-first:Skull dilates cervix; early suctioning allows breathing prior to complete delivery
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front 33 Stages of Labor: Placental Stage | back 33 •Strong contractions continue, causing detachment of placenta and compression of uterine blood vessels
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front 34 Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life | back 34 •Neonatal period - four-week period immediately after birth
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front 35 Transitional Period | back 35 •Unstable period lasting 6–8 hours after birth
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front 36 Occlusion of Fetal Blood Vessels | back 36 •Umbilical arteries and vein constrict and become fibrosed
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front 37 Lactation | back 37 •Production of milk by mammary glands
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front 38 Advantages of Breast Milk | back 38 •Fats and iron better absorbed; amino acids more easily metabolized, compared with cow's milk
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front 39 Assisted Reproductive Technology | back 39 •Surgical removal of oocytes following hormone stimulation
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