front 1 Which of the following are the two main keys to immune system
function? | back 1 B) Recognition and response |
front 2 Primary lymphoid tissues are: | back 2 B) Sites of development and maturation of lymphoid cells |
front 3 Which of the following activates the classical complement
pathway? | back 3 C) IgG and IgM antibodies |
front 4 Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity? | back 4 C) Fast response but less specific |
front 5 Which of the following cells are of myeloid origin and generally part
of the innate immune system? | back 5 C) Macrophages and neutrophils |
front 6 MHC class II molecules present: | back 6 B) Exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells |
front 7 Which of the following is not an outcome of
complement activation? | back 7 D) Antibody hypermutation |
front 8 Germ-line encoded receptors are characteristic of: | back 8 B) Innate immunity |
front 9 Which cytokine is pro-inflammatory? | back 9 C) IL-1β |
front 10 Which of the following is an effector function of antibodies? | back 10 B) Opsonization |
front 11 Briefly distinguish between primary and secondary lymphoid tissues and provide an example of each. | back 11
Primary: site of lymphocyte development/maturation
(ex: bone marrow, thymus). |
front 12 list the three major functions of the innate immune system. | back 12 Physical/chemical barriers, cellular response to infection, activation of adaptive immunity. |
front 13 Define an epitope and explain the difference between a sequential epitope and a conformational epitope. | back 13
Epitope: antigen region recognized by antibody or T
cell. |
front 14 What are the four stages of leukocyte trafficking? | back 14 Rolling → Activation → Firm adhesion → Diapedesis. |
front 15 List the three signals in the three-signal hypothesis for T cell activation and the molecules involved in each. | back 15
Signal 1: TCR-MHC/peptide interaction. |
front 16 What is meant by MHC restriction? | back 16 T cells can only recognize antigens presented on self MHC molecules. |
front 17 Explain the role of RAG1/2 in B and T cell receptor development. | back 17
|
front 18 Distinguish between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. | back 18
Monoclonal: single epitope specificity. |
front 19 A patient presents with a bacterial infection. Explain how the innate immune system recognizes the pathogen and initiates a response, including complement activation. | back 19 Innate immune cells recognize PAMPs via PRRs, trigger phagocytosis, release cytokines, and activate complement (opsonization, inflammation, lysis). |
front 20 During a secondary infection, why does the adaptive immune response increase compared to the primary response, whereas the innate immune response remains the same? | back 20 Adaptive immunity has memory cells → faster, stronger response. Innate immunity has no memory → response similar each time. |
front 21 A researcher is designing a monoclonal antibody to target a specific epitope on a viral protein. Explain why a monoclonal antibody is preferred over a polyclonal antibody for this application. | back 21 Monoclonal antibody targets a single epitope → precise, reproducible, less off-target effects. |
front 22 Explain the process by which a dendritic cell activates a naive cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cell, including the role of cross-presentation. | back 22 DC processes antigens → presents on MHC I (endogenous) or via cross-presentation → TCR recognizes antigen-MHC I → co-stimulation + cytokines → CD8⁺ differentiation into CTLs. |
front 23 A patient has a mutation preventing proper function of CD28 on T cells. Predict the impact on T cell activation according to the three-signal hypothesis. | back 23 Without CD28, costimulatory signal missing → T cells cannot fully activate → impaired adaptive response. |
front 24 Describe how a checkpoint inhibitor like ipilimumab enhances T cell responses in cancer therapy. | back 24 Ipilimumab blocks CTLA-4 → prevents inhibition of CD28 → T cells remain active → enhanced anti-tumor immunity. |
front 25 Which antibody effector function causes pathogens to clump together, making them easier to clear? A. Neutralization | back 25 B. Agglutination |
front 26 Which function describes antibodies coating a pathogen to enhance phagocytosis? A. Complement fixation | back 26 B. Opsonization |
front 27 Which effector function prevents viruses and toxins from binding to host cells? A. Neutralization | back 27 A. Neutralization |
front 28 Which antibody isotype is most effective at initiating the classical complement pathway? A. IgA | back 28 C. IgM |
front 29 Which process requires NK cells binding to the Fc region of IgG-coated target cells? A. Opsonization | back 29 C. ADCC |
front 30 Which effector function is triggered when IgE on mast cells becomes cross-linked by an allergen? A. Neutralization | back 30 B. Degranulation |
front 31 Which antibody function leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)? A. Opsonization | back 31 B. Complement fixation |
front 32 Which antibody function is MOST directly associated with protection against helminths (parasites)? A. ADCC | back 32 B. Degranulation via IgE |
front 33 Which antibody function enhances pathogen clearance specifically by facilitating ingestion by macrophages and neutrophils? A. Neutralization | back 33 B. Opsonization |
front 34 Which function of antibodies does not require phagocytic cells? A. Opsonization | back 34 C. Neutralization |
front 35 Which statement best distinguishes a monoclonal antibody from a polyclonal antibody? A. Monoclonal antibodies bind multiple epitopes, while polyclonal
antibodies bind only one epitope. | back 35 C. Monoclonal antibodies recognize a single epitope, while polyclonal antibodies recognize many epitopes on the same antigen. |
front 36 Polyclonal antibodies are best described as: A. Identical antibodies produced in hybridoma culture. | back 36 B. A mixture of antibodies produced by several B-cell clones against different epitopes. |
front 37 The endogenous antigen pathway results in antigen presentation on which molecule? A. MHC I | back 37 A. MHC I |
front 38 Which type of antigen is processed through the endogenous pathway? A. Extracellular bacteria | back 38 C. Intracellular proteins such as viral antigens |
front 39 Cross-presentation allows dendritic cells to: A. Present endogenous antigens on MHC II only. | back 39 B. Present exogenous antigens on MHC I to activate CD8⁺ T cells |
front 40 Activation of naïve CD8⁺ T cells requires antigen presented on: A. MHC II | back 40 C. MHC I |
front 41 Which of the following provides the co-stimulatory signal required for T-cell activation? A. TCR binding to antigen | back 41 C. B7 on dendritic cells binding to CD28 on T cells |
front 42 Which cytokine produced by dendritic cells is essential for CD8⁺ T-cell activation and differentiation into CTLs? A. IL-4 | back 42 B. IL-12 |
front 43 Which interaction is responsible for “licensing” dendritic cells, enhancing their ability to activate CD8⁺ T cells? A. B7–CD28 | back 43 B. CD40–CD40L |
front 44 Presentation of exogenous antigens to naïve CD4⁺ T cells primarily occurs through: A. MHC I | back 44 B. MHC II |
front 45 What is the primary function of a checkpoint inhibitor in cancer immunotherapy? A. To suppress T-cell activation | back 45 B. To inhibit molecules that normally inhibit T-cell activation |
front 46 Which T-cell molecule is targeted by the checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab? A. CD28 | back 46 C. CTLA-4 |
front 47 CTLA-4 normally functions by: A. Enhancing T-cell co-stimulation | back 47 B. Blocking CD28 from binding to CD80/86 |
front 48 Which statement best describes the mechanism of checkpoint inhibition? A. It increases inhibitory signaling to prevent autoimmunity. | back 48 B. It blocks inhibitory receptors, removing the “brake” on T-cell activation. |
front 49 When CTLA-4 is active on a T cell, what is the result? A. Enhanced co-stimulation through CD28 | back 49 C. Suppressed T-cell activation |
front 50 Ipilimumab enhances antitumor immunity by: A. Blocking PD-L1 | back 50 B. Blocking CTLA-4 so CD28 can bind CD80/86 |
front 51 Which of the following is a myeloid cell that functions primarily in the innate immune response? A. B cell | back 51 C. Neutrophil6 |
front 52 Which cell type is of lymphoid origin but functions in the innate immune system? A. NK cell | back 52 A. NK cell |
front 53 B cells are classified as: A. Myeloid, innate | back 53 D. Lymphoid, adaptive |
front 54 Which immune cell is of myeloid origin and responsible for allergic inflammation? A. Basophil | back 54 A. Basophil |
front 55 Which cell is myeloid-derived, part of the innate system, and acts as a key phagocyte? A. T cell | back 55 C. Macrophage |
front 56 Dendritic cells are best described as: A. Myeloid, innate cells that also activate adaptive immunity | back 56 A. Myeloid, innate cells that also activate adaptive immunity |
front 57 Which of the following is lymphoid-derived and functions in the adaptive immune system? A. Basophil | back 57 D. T cell |
front 58 Which of the following activates the classical complement pathway? A. IgG and IgM antibodies bound to antigen | back 58 A. IgG and IgM antibodies bound to antigen |
front 59 The alternative complement pathway is primarily activated by: A. IgA antibodies | back 59 B. PAMPs such as LPS and spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 |
front 60 The mannose-binding lectin (MBL) pathway is triggered when: A. Antibodies bind to antigen | back 60 B. MBL binds to mannose residues on microbial surfaces |
front 61 Which statement about the alternative complement pathway is true? A. It requires prior antibody binding to activate | back 61 B. Spontaneous C3 hydrolysis occurs, but full activation only happens on non-self surfaces |
front 62 According to clonal selection theory, what occurs after a B or T cell receptor binds its specific antigen? A. Immediate apoptosis | back 62 B. Clonal expansion of the activated lymphocyte |
front 63 One major tenet of clonal selection theory is: A. All B and T cells are pre-activated at birth | back 63 B. Individual B and T cell receptors are generated by gene segment rearrangement |
front 64 Clonal selection theory predicts that: A. Lymphocytes with receptors that do not bind antigen are
eliminated or remain inactive | back 64 A. Lymphocytes with receptors that do not bind antigen are eliminated or remain inactive |